, n -. uramr. 



CKN80RINUS. 



lit 



bs* liiniibii a Mr-ly and no dosri* toUtmbly accurate pfataN .of the 

 .ss^rf s^MTdriagtb*s,iaterp.rtof tb* loth c*atury. Cellini's 

 vwsMy **)d srlf-astiafeetioa. dtapUyVd throughout tb* work, are exors- 

 *** *d kigkly tadfaivw; and, candid or reckls-. he do*, not 



_, tato whicb in ardent temp.ram.nt and nn 



kmrswd lasrfnsjs too frq*otly urged him. To tb* dishonour of 

 *. whoWd tk. rate. o7gov*rmt, and sp*cially in tb* Stetes 



f Ik. 



jadgM) 



thajw* 



Th. bis* 

 O*Kwi d*. M 



not b* 



ki* narrative bows how easily crime wu overlooked 

 m kad Ul*ot* <ither u*eful or agreeable to hi* 

 hU behalf. or courtly interest to protect him from 



Of <M*r*g*rd Of th* law*. 



of Cellini's life it entitled 'ViU di llenvcmito 

 sso sort**, Ac. fcxdaOio P. Carpani,' whoe note* 

 .9Tols.8To, 1612. Ithaabsen very well 'translated into 

 byW.RoKM. Cfclliidalio wrote a treatise on various branche* 



ANDREW, born UOl, at Up*al, died 1744. He murt 

 with hi* father (or nnele), Olaus Celsius, 1670-1756, 



tswokffa*. or with his grandfather, Magnus Nicholas Celsiu., 

 )11 17, imlhsm*tksn and botanist Andrew 



Celsius joined 



Mampsrtasi aad his aasoriata* in th* measurement of the Lapland 

 dagr**. *>d afterward* built an observatory at UpsaL He was the 

 its* who employed th* centigrade thermometer. He wrote various 

 work*, of which it will b* worth while to note 1, hi* astronomical 

 SSMJ msteorologk*! observations in the 'Upsal Acta Literaria;' -2, his 

 i^Htrtfcm of the mrora borrate* observed in his time in Sweden, under 

 MM ttli* CCCXVI Observation** de Lumine Boreali,' Niirnberg, 



i7>a. 



CKL8US, AURK'LI US (or AULUS) CORNE'LIUS, appears to have 

 livad fa the Augustan age, but this point is by no means settled ; and, 

 a* L* Cairo obastna, some suppose him to have lived under Tiberius, 

 Caligula, Nero, or even Trajan. Yet the evidence strongly preponde- 

 rates in favour of his having lived in the age of Augustas and perhaps 

 that of Tiberius. This probability is strengthened by his style, which 

 iswanlilis that of tb* best writer* of th* Augustan age. Nor has the 

 I of Cslsos bwn thought to be perfectly ascertained ; for it 

 that he was not a practical physician, but an 



who wrote upon physic as forming a part of philosophy. 

 Tb. ob*.rts>ioos of Oisra* however on the most practical points, 

 exhibit soeh familiarity with th* subject, that it is impossible to sup- 

 DO* th*jr could bar* proceeded from any but an actual physician ; 

 ad th*r* *r* Mveral passage* in hi* work which can hardly be sup- 

 r to anything but bis own practice. Thus after mentioning 

 I adopted by HeraoUd** of Tarentum in cases of adhesion 

 of tb* eyelid to tb* eyeball, be remarks, that he did not recollect to 

 " !** ** it UBe**ful fa a single instance (lib. vii. 7.) 

 C**sa* wrote tri.tsM* on agriculture, rhetoric, and military affairs, 

 but all have been lost except the treatise ' De 

 igmenta of hi* work on rhetoric, published by 

 Tb* work on medicine consist* of eight books: the 



pomdto 

 STm*! 



brief account of the history of medicine, and of the 

 to b* obs*rv*d by person* of various constitutions; the 

 of prognosis and diet ; th* third, of the treatment of general 

 bvdi**; tb* fourth, of the treatment of partial disuses ; the 

 Mb, of nMdtcines aad di****** to be treated by them ; the sixth, of 

 tk* tnatOMot of local diswM* by medicine; the seventh, of surgical 

 nssralioaa; tk* eighth, of the boots, with their diseases, fractures, and 

 AllisjMni Hippocrates and Asclepiades are the chief authors 

 whom Cdssw follows. He copies the former when he treats of 



gical operations, where he translates, word 



pass* and of various surgi 



word, a great number of passages ; owing to which circumstance 



bats DMO oalUd tb* Latin Hippocrates. Bat in other point* he 



ratksr prwtsrrod Asdrpkd..; wkioo* b* has been classed by some in 



Bat not to mention the perfect impartiality 



with wkkh k* sp~k. of th. thre* principal met. exUtiog in hi, time, 

 MMtr, tb* emiric*, dogmatic*. a 



, 



, tb* empiric*, dogmatic*. and methodi.U (lib. L, 1'ref.), his 

 show* that b* was not a blind adherent of any party. Celsus 

 I tk* prais* of aa eclectic physician, and followed the sect to 

 k****m* to incline only so far an they followed nature. In 

 lilUi* to Hippocrates. but in conformity with A*clepiade*, Celsus 

 * tk. doBtrta, of critical day*, which b. suppoM* to b*ao offshoot 

 tk* FytksfotwM nombsn. Nor did he oopy Hippocrates in the 

 wblcAb.u^ W nx)r,freau 1 tly. Cebus 

 rnl P to ****. km r*d, and the 

 fa V^t tmaoa r u k patient was strong, 

 wa* to b* naployed ; in paralysis; in oon- 

 H tbiwatoMd nffooataW; in apoplexy; 



. 

 w J 







1_ ^^^^^ fj S^fclsMS^Ls> fwSBBM * 1 t.l J I -* - * 



! D(I p*Bin | IQ townuM ooovtuioDsi : in Hpitlinif or 

 vomitisfof blood ; astd fa all scut, diseam, when b* thought that 

 U.,4Uikd too * blood. H. al bUd fa m+S Tb 

 iswatsMM *kow tks* k* bUd nor* frwiMntlv tlm> AM! - > 



ftqotly than AMl.piades, but 

 m.ay mod praetiUoiM, .xoepting 

 (Mm* oswd cuin las a, both 



i - 

 b.didliknrU.oatkatofi 



d by Tb*ni*oo. 

 on tb* rubject of bUeding, so 

 Wrssaarktag that tb* anoknte 

 almost enrr " h. n 



erwrjr disMW, b* lay* 



that aperients injure the stomach, and that the patient Is weakened 

 if the bowels are too much relaxed, either by medicine or clyittvra ; 

 and be recommends the practitioner to abstain from their use In 

 fever. 



The fimt four books also direct the method of employing gestation, 

 friction, baths, fomentations, and the sudorific treatment. A* t< 

 patimite are to abstain from eating nnd drinking at the begim 

 their maladies, but they mutt afterwards take food in moderate 

 quantities. 



Among the numerous remedies contained in the fifth and sixth 

 books, but few are to be Uken internally ; by far the greater number 

 are unguente, plasters, cataplasms, Ac. Among the exceptions are 

 three antidotes ; the first is a compound of opium (Laerynue papavcrit) 

 and aromatic* ; the ecoud, called ambrosia, and said to have been 

 composed for one of the Ptolemies by Zopyrns, consist* of aromatics 

 without opium ; the third, again, contains opium, and is the famous 

 Mithridate, by which Mithndate* is said to have secured himself 

 against poison. 



The seventh and eighth books give a very favourable idea of the 

 progress which surgery had made in the Augustan age. The opera- 

 tion of lithotomy, as described by Celras, has been much praised and 

 very extensively adopted. Hr. Samuel Cooper observe* that it wa* 

 longer practised than all the other methods, " having been continn, .1 

 to the commencement of the 16th century; and it was performed at 

 liourdeaux, Paris, and other places in France, on patients of all ages 

 by Raoux, even so late as 150 years ago. Frere Jacques occasionally 

 had recourse to it; and it was successfully executed by Heistor 

 (part ii., chap. 1 40). A modern author recommends it always to bo 

 preferred on boys under fourteen." (Allan, p. 12.) (' Surgical Diet' 

 art ' Lithotomy.') 



Among the most remarkable points in this division of his work we 

 may mention the account of cataract, and the operation with the 

 needle for its cure (lib. vii., 7) ; the two-fold treatment of goitre by 

 caustic, and extirpation (vii, 13); tapping in dropsy (vii., 15); the 

 restoration of the prepuce in the circumcised (vii., 25) ; the employ- 

 ment of the catheter (vii., 26); manual delivery in cases where the 

 child is dead (vii., 29); and the treatment of fractures and dislocations 

 in the last book. Nor will the account given by Celras of the struc- 

 ture of the human body fail to surprise those who have been told that 

 the ancients were ignorant of anatomy. 



The princeps editio of Celsus is that of Nioolaus, Klorent., 1478. 

 The best editions are those of Krauae, Leipz., 1766; of Targa; of 

 Vallart, Lutet, 1772; the 8vo. edition printed at Leyden in 1746; the 

 one edited by Dr. Milligan, second edit, Edin., 1831, and that by 

 Hitter and Albus, Colon, ad Rhen., 1835. Celsus has been translated 

 into several modern languages. There is a translation into English, 

 with notes, critical and explanatory, by Dr. Grieve, London, 1 756, 8 vo. 



(Le Clerc, llittoire At la Mfilecine; JHucrtatio de Cdri rita, pre- 

 fixed to Dr. Hilligan's edition.) 



CELSUS, P. JUVK'NTIUS, was the son of Juventius Celsus, also 

 a jurist This Celsus the father is spoken of by Celsus the son, and 

 also by Keratius and I'lpian, in which passages be is always spoken of 

 as CeUus the father. The extracts from Celsus in the ' Digest ' arc 

 supposed to be from the works of Celsus the son. The son was twica 

 consul, according to Pomponius. ('Dig.,' 1, tit 2.) It is uncertain in 

 what year he was first consul, but bis second consulship belongs to 

 the thirteenth year of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 129), as appears 

 from an extant inscription and a senatusoonsultum of that time \\hicli 

 is preserved. ('Dig.,' 5, tit 3, s. 20.) Celsus is also mentioned as a 

 member of Hadrian's consilium by Spartianus (c. 18); but he is called 

 Julias Celsus. 



The younger Celsus was the author of a work entitled ' Digeitta,' in 

 39 books, as appears from the Florentine Index. He wrote also 

 ' Epistolc,' of which the eleventh book is cited by Ulpian (' Dig.,' 4, 

 tit 4, s. 3); 'Commentarii,' of which the seventh book is cited; and 

 ' Qutost'ones,' of which the nineteenth book is quoted in the ' Digest ' 

 of Justinian. Celsus is mentioned by Salvius Julianus, his contem- 

 porary, and by subsequent jurists. The tendency of his juristical 

 opinions was to the maintenance of equity and fair dealing (bonum et 

 tcquum). His definition of 'jus' is that it is the "ors trqui boniquo," 

 a definition quoted with approbation by Ulpian ('Dig.,' 1, tit. 1, s. 1), 

 though it is not a true definition. Celsus said more truly that in 

 eases in which the good and the equitable were matters for considera- 

 tion, mischievous mistakes were made under the authority of legal 

 science ('Dig.,' 45, tit 1, a. 91), an opinion which is quoted by Panlus, 

 who calls him Celsus Adolosoens, apparently to distinguish him from 

 the father. 



' I NSOltl'NUS, a Latin grammarian, who lived under the emperom 

 Alexander Sevens, Hoximinus, and Marcus Antoninus Pius Qordia- 

 nii", who was proclaimed sole emperor of Rome A.D. 238. Censorinus 

 is the author of a small work entitled ' De Die Natali,' addressed to 

 Q. Cocrellius, bis friend. He treats of the time of the birth of men, 

 and on the influence of th* (ienii ami of the stars on human birth ; 

 and b* also treats of other matters relating to chronology, mathe- 

 matics, and cosmography. This is the work of a man who in his day 

 was a man of learning. The style is good for the period. The work 

 is of some value for ancient chronology. Carrio, in his edition, con- 

 sidered the lost part of the work, from the 24th chapter, as a separate 



