MT 



taut Di 



CHADWICK, EDWIN. 



1M 



with tkprflwwof lde-,taT*titton., 

 ________ .wlk.bKa, Count QaleaniNapion. wrote. 



Urfy in reply to Csiro4 M. work. Tell' f.o dei Prnri delta 

 * s b ' ReUuinMuti 



Italiana,* to which Ceearotti answered by bit 

 td eopni alcup. Toori. Pt.lin.mari. sul Fwooesiaa.*' Th. 



wtob'of tWs iiUo*iaj may prove interertinj: to tboee who wish to 

 form a clear idea of the dispute, coowrnii g l.Dgusge. which have 

 (mad ceMr.nl* portion of UM Italian literature of our age. 

 I was appointed by UM Venetian aenate to th. chair of Greek 

 r in UM university of Padua, In hi* quality of secretary 

 to UM academy of Pa.1 us, be wrote, from 1730 till 171)8, 'lUlacioni 



wrath of 



, 



hieh he fat* at the cod of every year an abstract of 

 UM mceaoin road by UM m mben of that body; and also ' Elogi di 

 akna* Academic!,' among which the moat intonating U that of Abate 

 OH** UM author of UM ' Zoologia Adriatic.,' The Epistolario,' or 

 voluminous rorr**j>nil*nre of Oearotti, wai published in 6 TO!S. 8vo, 

 1- "T CesaroUi went to Milan, to deprecate the 



Kapuleon again* hU countrymen of Padua, who had *hown 



dbpoaitioo to resist UM conqurror. Napoleon, who was a great 



er of Cr*arolti's Drawn,' received him in a very friendly manner, 

 i him a knight of the iron cron, and bestowed a pension upon 



frmarotU to return tet about writing the praise* of bin patron in 

 a poetical com poi i ion. full of allegorin and metaphysical abstractions, 

 which be styled ' Prooea,' the object of which i* to show that Napoleon 

 WM Uw eoroy of Providence. The ' I'ronea' waa a atill-born work, 

 and iu name U now only remembered among the many specimens of 

 the lattery and fertility of the Italian literary mrn in Napoleon's 

 time, lie aim translated several orations of Demosthenes, Itocrates, 

 it'tfhlrvf*, Lyriai, and other Orerk writers, and also JuTonaL His 

 < My* and iliewUtinns are numerous. Cessrotti died November 4, 

 180i His works were collected and published in 42 volt. 8 TO, I'Ua, 

 1809; the editors of the Classic! ItaJiani' published a selection of 

 them in 4 Tola, STO. Milan, 1820. 



rfiSPK'OES, PABLO DE. the most learned artist and one of the 

 most distinguished men of Spain, was born at Cordova in 1538, nud 

 was the son of Alonso de Cespedea and Olaya (Arroyo) his wife. After 

 he bad received as good a literary and scientific education at Cordova 

 and at AlceU de Henarea as bis country could afford, he went, in what 

 year is not known, to Rome, where he devoted himself to the study of 

 the arts, hating already paid some attention to painting previously to 

 hi* departure from Spain. In Home Ccapedes distinguished himself 

 during the pontificate of Gregory XIII. by some frescoes in the 

 cbunbes of Araoeli and Triuita de' Monti, and acquired the friendship 

 of Pederigo Zucearo, which however tome consider to have been a 







l!i fame reached his native place, and having been appointed to a 

 varant csnonry in the cathedral, he retnrned to Cordova in 1577 to 



the dulies of hi* office. 1'hese duties however did not engross 

 all his time ; be persevered in painting, and also bestowed much ktudy 

 upon UM history and theory of art, the fruits of which he made known 



in sev<ral Taloable essay*, the principal of which is a comparison 

 betweeu ancient and modern art, published in 1GOI ' Do la Compa- 



de la Antigua y Modcroa Pintura y Escultura.' Ho spent his 

 holidays at Seville, where he collected a museum of ancient works of 

 art; but he did not viiit tht city after the year 1003. He diod at 

 Cordova in 1608, and was buried in the cathedral of that city. 



Crapede* was a disitinguihed Arabic scholar, and was acquainted 

 with Greek and Hebrew. He wrote a history of the cathedral of Cor- 

 dovs ; also an account of iU martyrs ; a poem on painting ; a practical 

 and theoretical treatise on perspective : a abort treatise on the templo 

 of Solomon ; and a abort paper upon the various methods of painting 

 adopted by the ancient*. His treatise on perspective is lost ; and the 

 preservation of hU poem, and of the treatise on the ancient methods 

 of painting , u doe to I'acheco, who has inserted them in his ' Arte de 

 k Pintura.' Pacbeco describes Ccapedes as one of the greatest of the 

 Spanish ooloortsu, and the first master of chiaroicnro in the school of 

 SerilW. Pon* save of him, that bad h* hd the fortune to have been 

 a* Intimate with lUnselle ae he was with Pederigo Zuocaro, he would 

 bare been on* of the greatest painters in the world. He excelled 

 ttefy In invention and composition, but was excellent also in all other 

 depaiUiMUte of art He always, as a rule, mudo a cartoon before 

 hrtlng picture, of UM aame sixe as tbo intended picture. There 

 are etreral of hi* works in the cathedrals of Seville and Cordova, and 

 la la* academy of Ban Fernando at Madrid. He also practised sculp- 



Ceao liemradri hae inserted in UM fifth volume of his ' Dictionary 



of Spanish Artiete' about one hundred pan* of fragments from the 



*sp*de* on painting, including the entire poem on painting, 



C...D mvAn.IMteienaHojnaonto.tc.) 



CH A' URIAH, a disttonbhed Athenian general, who, in B.O. 388, 

 MOed to Cypro* to aeswt Ersgoras In the reduction of the island 

 (*"- l- 8. 84), of which his lather had been deprive by th. 

 Prrsieaa, In a.t. 76 be gained the sea battle at Naxos. (Demoeth. 

 ' Ar-toerat,- p. CM; Clinton, ' Past, HelL') In B.C. 373 be and Callia- 

 tertMaotedaeeoUeapwaof Ipbiorate* at Coragra. (Xen., Hell.,' vl 



. e., 



. H.WMd**|>rtab*dtoa*tUedUMaffiUr.or Tbrao* in na 860. 

 (Deioetb.,'AriatooTat,'p.77.) la B.C. 367 Chabria. and Chares were 



sent from Athens with an army to besiege Chios, which, with Hhodct, 

 Co*, and Ryxantium, bad revolted. (I)iodor. Sio., xvi. 7.) Chare* led 

 th* land force* and attacked tun wall* from shor >. Cbabria* no sooner 

 approached the harbour than ho engaged iu a desperate sea-fight ; his 

 hip was shattered by the enemy ; most of his men escaped, but the 

 Central himself preferring, a* Diodorus says, a glorious death to a 

 disgraceful surrender, fell fighting. (Diod, Sic., xvi. 7 ; Corn. 

 e.4.) 



CHADWICK, EDWIN. In 1864, the Karl of Carlisle, speaking 

 of " the two measures which iu our time seemed to him beyond any 

 others to have affected the internal condition of the great body of the 

 people, the Amendment of the Poor-Law and Sanitary Reform," thus 

 expressed himself with reference to Mr. Chadwick : "He sii . 

 believed that the most efficient agent in originating and iu producing 

 those two great measures, and iu clearing away a host of prejudices 

 which beset their early birth, wo* Jlr. Cbadwick ; and to one 1.1 

 of these measures he had ever since devoted his time, his health, and 

 his strength. It might undoubtedly be true that in taking u 

 great question or idea with enthusiasm, a certain portion 

 ness and precipitation might be mixed up with it more than was* 

 desirable ; but be trusted that our contemporaries would not refuse 

 to those who had established great principle* and introduced Urge 

 measures, some portion of that gratitude and honour which were sura 

 to be awarded to them by an intelligent posterity." (Hun-ivrd, July 14, 

 1S54.) The " positiveness and precipitation " which were tlms con- 

 ceded to a passing clamour, as a set-off against contemporary gratitude, 

 have belonged, more or less, to every man whose earnestness has had 

 to struggle with official indifference and procrastination. Mr. Chadn ick 

 came from the people. He waa not, a* Burke said of himself, 

 " swaddled, and nursed, and dandled into a legislator ; " and he had 

 to encounter the bittereat hatred of men whose principle was to do 

 nothing till they were forced, and then to do as little on i> 

 Many of the sanitary measures also with which Mr. Chadwick was 

 connected disturbed various largo interests; and ho hat thus the 

 common fate of all social reformers who are more anxious t 

 unwelcome truths than careful to conciliate the supporters of pi-..:',i 

 able errors. Mr. Cbadwick has retired from this contest with a distin- 

 guished recognition of his merits by the H-islature ; nud it is due to 

 him to present a brief view of his remarkable career, as we believe it 

 will be appreciated by " nu intelligent posterity.'' 



Kdwiii Chadwick was born on tins 24th of January 1S01, in the 

 immediate vicinity of Manchester. His father wag n manufacturer 

 there, but removed southward when hi* son was about twelve years 

 old. Edwin Chadwick looked to the bar as his profession; but his 

 inquiring disposition led him to the investigation of many political 

 and social questions which were out of the ordinary range ol 

 studies. That early connection with the newspaper press, which Ins 

 extended the mental range of many a law-student, was to Mr. 

 wick one of the best means of education. He possessed what is called 

 a statistical bent a quality not much cultivated thirty years ago, 

 when tables and figures had little to do with political philosophy, and 

 pullic writers and speakers made the strongest araertions upon th 

 most vague generalities. Mr. Chadwick's comprehensive n .mn. r of 

 viewing large questions under many various aspt-cte was first exhiliiii <1 

 in 1828, in a paper on 'Life Assurance,' published in 'The Westminster 

 Review.' The principle which Mr. Chadwick maintained in thi* article 

 was, that the old Northampton Tables, upon which most schemes of 

 assurance were founded, represented .the probabilities of lite at too 

 low a figure ; for as the progress of civilisation had the general tendency 

 to diminish the noxious circumstances by which the population of 

 any locality was surrounded, so in any community in which these 

 noxious circumstances were in course of diminution, human life must 

 have a corresponding tendency to increase in value. The abstract 

 question of the influence of all moral and physical improvement 

 health and the duration of life, thus early considered by Mr. 

 wick, was the great problem which he had practically to work out iu 

 many years' advocacy and organisation of remedial measures for social 

 evils. In 1820 he wrote two papers in the ' London lieview,' one on 

 'Preventive Police,' the other on 'The Administration of Medical 

 Charities in France.' The article on ' Preventive Police ' attracted 

 the notice of Mr. Beutham, and led to a friendship between the young 

 writer and the venerable philosopher, which lasted till Mr. lienthnin's 

 death in July 1832. 



At this time Mr. Chadwiok was preparing for practice at the common 

 law bar, when he was recommended by Mr. Senior as an ueistnnt- 

 comraissioner upon the inquiry into th* operation of tho poor-laws in 

 England and Wnlea. Mr. Senior was ono of the commission. Mr. 

 Chadwick's report which was printed in the selection from the various 

 report* publiihed in 1833 in the wide range of i'r. investigations, the 

 searching nature of it* evidence, the felicity of it* illustrations, and 

 the sagacious proofs of the necessity of a mo*t extensive reform, com- 

 manded tho most general attention ; and the importance attach 

 the views of the writer was demonstrated by his being at once made 

 one of the commission of inquiry. He was called off from this duty 

 to be united in an inquiry into factory labour with Dr. Kouthwood 

 Smith and Mr. Tooke. But on tho government feeling the immediate 

 necessity of a great mcasuro of poor-law amendment, a report, in 

 which Mr. Chadwick materially assisted was presented to parliament 



