161 



CHANDLER, DR. RICHARD. 



CHANGING, WILLIAM ELLERY, D.D. 



133 



proceeded to Rome and Naples, in the company of Rosellini. On his 

 return to Paris he was named Director of the Egyptian Museum at 

 the Louvre, of which he published a description ' Notice descriptive 

 des Monuinena Egyptiens du Mus<:e Charles X.,' 1827. In 1828 the 

 King of France appointed a scientific expedition to proceed to Egypt, 

 in order to examine the monuments of that country, under Cham- 

 pollion's direction. At the same time the Grand-Duke of Tuscany, 

 Leopold II., appointed a similar expedition for the same object, at the 

 head of which he placed Rosellini, Champollion's friend. The two 

 expeditions, consisting of six Frenchmen and six Tuscans, sailed 

 together from Toulon, and arrived at Alexandria in August 1828. 

 Champollion remained in Egjpt till the end of 1829, during which 

 time he wrote the letters which are published under the title of 

 'Lettres (Sorites d'Egypto et de Nubie en 1828-9,' 8vo, Paris, 1833. 

 On his return to France, in 1830, he was made a member of the 

 Institute, and subsequently appointed, by Louis Philippe, Professor of 

 Egyptian Antiquities in the College of France. It was agreed between 

 the French and Tuscan governments that the result of the observations 

 of the two expeditions should be published together in one work, in 

 French and Italian, under the direction of Champollion and Rosellini, 

 ' Monumens de 1'Egypte et de la Nubie, consideres par rapport Ji 

 1'HUtoire, la Religion, et lea Usages Civils et Domestiques de 1'An- 

 cienne Egypte,' &c. The work began to appear in parts in 1832. In 

 the letter-press accompanying this publication, Rosellini has not only 

 adopted the general system of Champollion, but has carried it much 

 farther than his friend. A sharp criticism upon it by Cataldo Jannelli 

 was published in No. 19 of the 'Progresso,' a Neapolitan journal, 

 Naples, 1S35. While Champollion was preparing the first part of the 

 new work for the press, he was attacked by a paralytic fit, and died at 

 Paris on the 5th of March 1832. 



Champollion's merits as a laborious student of Egyptian archeology 

 are undeniable ; bub his judgment seems not to have been sound, his 

 deductions from his premises not always correct, and his learning 

 (except on Egyptian antiquities) neither extensive nor exact. He 

 corrected Dr. Young's first crude notions as to the phonetic symbols, 

 and considerably extended the number of known signs ; and this may 

 perhaps lead to further results. Had he lived longer he might have 

 modified some of his former assertions, and entered perhaps upon a 

 safer path of investigation. For the controversy concerning the 

 general application of the phonetic alphabet, see vol ii. of the 

 Egyptian Antiquities' of the British Museum, published in the 

 ' Library of Entertaining Knowledge,' ch. x., on the ' Rosetta Stone," 

 where the subject is fully investigated. See also Professor Kosegarten, 

 ' De prisca jEgyptiorum Literature Commentatio,' 4 to, 1828; Greppo's 

 ' Essay on the Hieroglyphic System of Champollion/ translated by 

 Stuart, Boston, 1830. Rosellini wrote a biographical notice of Cham- 

 pollion in the Florence ' Antologia ' for April 1832. Champollion 

 made a Coptic Grammar and Dictionary, which remained unpublished 

 at his death, but which was surreptitiously published at Rome in 1842. 

 The manuscripts of Champollion were purchased by the French govern- 

 ment in 1833, with a view to their publication. The editing of them 

 was confided to M. Chompollion Figeac, and they appeared in 1834-48. 

 A monument was erected by the town-council to the memory of Cham- 

 pollion in the principal place of his native town. His bust was placed 

 in the Museum of Versailles by order of Louis Philippe, and copies of 

 it were made by order of the Minister of the Interior for the town of 

 Figeac, the Museum of Grenoble, and the library of the Institute. 



CHANDLER, DR. RICHARD, was born at Elson in Hampshire, 

 in 1738, studied at Winchester School, and afterwards entered Queen's 

 College, Oxford, in May 1755. Soon after taking his Bachelor's 

 degree (in 1759) he published ' Elegiaca Grseca,' containing the frag- 

 ments of Tyrtaous, Simonides, Meleager, Alcaeus, etc., with notes. In 

 1763 he edited the splendid work 'Marmora Oxoniensia.' In 1764 ho 

 was sent by the Dilettanti Society to travel into Asia Minor and 

 Greece, in company with Revett the architect and Pars the painter. 

 They spent more than a year in Asia Minor ; and in 1765 they pro- 

 ceeded to Athens, and passed another year in examining Attica and 

 the Peloponnesus. They returned to England in November 1766. 

 ~ho result of their labours, the ' Ionian Antiquities, or Ruins of Mag- 



ficent and Famous Buildings in Ionia,' 2 vols. folio, was published in 

 London in 1769. In 1774 Chandler published ' Inscriptioncs Antiquie 

 pleraque nondum editse in Asia Minori et Graecia, pnesertim Athenis 

 collects!,' fol., Oxford. His 'Travels in Asia Minor,' 4to, 1775, and 

 'Travels in Greece,' 4to, 1776, still rank among the best descriptions 

 of those countries. There is a French translation (Paris, 1806) of the 

 ' Travels in Asia Minor and in Greece,' with notes, by J. P. Servois and 

 Barbi<5 du Bocage. These two works have been since republished 

 together, by the Rev. R. Churton, with Revett's remarks, and a 

 biography of Dr. Chandler, 2 vols. 8vo, 1835. In 1773 Chandler took 

 the degree of D.D. ; and in 1779 he obtained the living of East World- 

 ham and West Tisted, Hants. In 1785 he married, and afterwards 

 travelled in Switzerland and Italy. In 1800 he was made rector of 

 Tylehurat in Berkshire, when he published his ' History of Ilium, or 

 Troy, including the adjacent country and the opposite coast of the 

 Chersonesus,' 4 to, London, 1802, in which he refuted Bryant's assertion 

 "that the Trojan war was a fiction, and that no such a city as Troy in 

 Phrygia ever existed ; " and he vindicated tho veracity of Homer, and 

 especially the truth of hid local descriptions. Dr. Chandler died in 



February 1810, in his seventy-second year. He left iu manuscript, 

 ' The Life of William Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, Lord 

 High Chancellor of England in the reign of Henry VI., aud 

 Founder of Magdalen College,' which was published in Svo, London, 

 1811. 



* CHANGARNIER, NICOLAS-ANNE-THfiODULE, the recent 

 confidant, and to some extent the rival of Louis Napoleon, was born 

 at Autun, on the 26th of April 1793. In early life, he was a strong 

 partisan of the legitimist cause, having served in the king's body- 

 guard, which he entered as a private, January 10, 1815. In 1821 he 

 was transferred to the 60th regiment of the line, and accompanied the 

 Duke of Angouleme to Spain two years afterwards. Already, in that 

 campaign, the brilliant courage and the capacity of the young soldier 

 drew attention upon him. 



After the revolution of July in 1830, he went as captain of the 

 2nd Le"ger to Algeria ; where his great activity and constant success, 

 caused him to be sent on many perilous expeditions, iu all of which 

 his genius for war gave so much tone and dignity to his enterprises, 

 that he was in reality the general, and his small troop an army. He 

 soon became a chef-de-bataillon, and the first unsuccessful attempt upou 

 Constantino, which overshadowed the fame of his brother officers, 

 gave new life to that of Changarnier. Having reached Hansourah 

 (November 24, 1836), at the moment when the 59th aud 63rd were in 

 full retreat, Changarnier, with his battalion, reduced ta 300 men, took 

 up the ground between the rest of their army aud the rnaiu body of 

 the enemy. Halting his men, and forming them into a square, ho 

 said to them : " Come, lads, let us look those fellows iu the face ; 

 they are 6000, we are 300, so the game is equal." Inspirited by the 

 cool decision of their leader, his brave followers met the enemy with 

 intrepid firmness, and drove them back with considerable slaughter. 

 During the conflict a ball reached him iu the middle of his square. 

 He was made lieutenant-colonel of the 10th line for his couduct in 

 this affair ; then a colonel in 1838. 



Constantly in the field, his history and that of the French war iu 

 Algeria are one. On the 4th of April 1841, when Medeyah was pro- 

 visioned, General Changarnier's brigade was fiercely attacked in the 

 Bois des Oliviers, both iu flank and rear, by the cavalry and regular 

 battalions of Abd-el-Kader. Struck on the shoulder, and supposed to 

 be mortally wounded, he refused to quit the field ; but alighting a 

 moment, had the ball extracted, again led his column, and cut his way 

 into the town. In November of the same year, he cleared the country 

 about Boufarick of several wild tribes, takiug many prisoners, and au 

 immense herd of cattle. 



His famous expedition in the mountains of Ouarencenes, in company 

 with the Duke of Aumale, largely contributed to the establishment of 

 the French supremacy in Algeria. On the 9th of April 1843 ho 

 received the appointment of lieutenant-general. He was sent on 

 almost every expedition, and took part in almost every engagement. 

 Clause), Vallce, Bugcaud, and the Orleans' princes, spoke of him iu tho 

 same terms of admiration. His own character lent a greatness to 

 occasions which in themselves were small. 



In 1843 he drew a circle round the country of the Bem-Menacer, 

 where the Emir was once more raising the spirit of revolt, and subdued 

 those warlike mountaineers. With this operation the long series of 

 his exploits in Africa came to a close ; and the general returned to 

 France, after a most arduous service of thirteen years. In the month 

 of September 1847, the Duke of Aumale having succeeded Marshal 

 Bugeaud in the government of Algeria, became anxious to avail him- 

 self of the talents of his former comrade, and induced him to accept 

 the command of the army in Algiers. The events which followed iu 

 February 1848 removed the prince from that province, but before he 

 left the country he committed the charge of government, provisionally, 

 to the general On the arrival of General Cavaignac soon after, Chan- 

 garnier delivered to the army an able address on the value aud duty of 

 obedience to the state, and returned to France. 



He wap now one of the Triumvirate of great names in France, and 

 in May 1848 was appointed governor-general of Algeria, in the room 

 of Cavaignac, whose presence had been deemed indispensable in the 

 capital. On the 13th of June 1849, it was his good fortune to sup- 

 press, or rather to prevent, an insurrection in Paris by the streugth 

 and rapidity of his preparations. On the election of the president of 

 the French republic, Changarnier was appointed Commander of the 

 First Military Division, and all the military power of the metropolis 

 centred in his hands. But this power, and the prestige of his military 

 fame, gave umbrage to Louis Napoleon, who abolished his command, 

 and reduced him to tha state of a private citizen. On the 2nd of 

 December 1851 he was arrested, and exiled soon after. He has since 

 resided chiefly at Brussels. 



(Dictionnaire de Conversation ; Ifittory of General Changarnier, by 

 Fr* * * ; Corkran, History of the National Astembly.) 



CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLERY, D.D., was the son of an 

 eminent merchant of Newport, Rhode Island, United States, where ho 

 was born on the 12th of April, 1780. He was educated at Harvard 

 College, and his first viewa are said to have been directed to the medi- 

 cal profession ; but he was eventually induced by the lectures or advice 

 of the Hollia professor of divinity to enter the ministry in the Uni- 

 tarian communion, which however was not then distinguished in the 

 United States from what is commonly called orthodox Christianity by 



