CHAI'PK, n'AUTKROCHB, JOHN*. 



CHAK1TON. 



m 



7, the us* of the machine became general in France; 

 aad ft la a*ld that one of Uw ftnt decpatcbe* convyd in thi* manner 

 to Pari* aaaooaetd the retaking of the town of Ooodd. 



The important advantage* which night be derived from the use of 

 the telegraph **n immediataly felt A description of it wa* brought 

 by an emigrant from Pari* to Frankfurt-on-the-Maine, where two 

 WMMU were executed, which thence wen Ml to England by Mr. W. 

 PUyfair ; aad UM invention, with modifications, wa* adopted in this 



The "claim of 1L Chappo to UM honour of being the inventor of thii 

 kind of aMntiln* appean to have been disputed by tome of hi* con- 

 temporaries, who abo invidiously ivpmeoted iU imperfectiont or ex- 

 poard Uie muukn which, aa they aaaerted, might be made in uaing it; 

 aad UMM circumstance* are aaid to bare ao prryed on hU mind that he 

 Ml into a profound melancholy, which terminated hi* life in 1805, at 

 UM an of fortj-two yean, 



CHAPPE, KAUTEKOCIIE, JOHN, bora 1722 (1728, Delambra), 

 died 179. in California, whither he had gone to observe the tranait of 

 Yenu*. Be niccreded Lacaillo at the Obeerratory of Paris, aa assistant 

 to Caseini oV Tbury, and publiabed Halley'i 'Table*,' in 1754. For hi. 

 travrb to Sibtria and to California, 4c., see Delambre'i ' H ist d' Ait run. 

 \\ Ml. aiocJa.' 



' HAITAI., JEAN ANTOIXK, a distinguished French chemUt, 

 waa bora in 1*58, at Nosaret (Loser*). Hit education commenced at 

 Mepde, whence be repaired to the School of Medicine at Mont- 

 pttter. and aftenrarda to Paris. In 1781 he wai appointed to the 

 nlnailnsl chair recently founded by the Statea of Languedoc. Inhe- 

 rittag a large fortune from hii uncle, be established some important 

 ehanikal maimfactorie* in hi* adopted city, and thui bestowed upon 

 Kraoce aereral valuable product* which were previouily obtained from 

 In 179S Chaptal waa called to the capital by the Com 



mittee of Public Safety, to manage the manufactory of saltpetre, which 

 substance could no longer be obtained from India, and the want of 

 which was pressing. The great establishment of Crenelle thus became 

 the scene of that seal and ability of which Chaptal gave so many 

 proofs during the whole of bis existence. He was one of the first 

 ptoasasMS of the Polytechnic School ; and the Institute elected him a 

 member in UM place left vacant by the death of Payen. After the 



t of tb* conmilate. Napoleon called him to the Council of 

 State ; and in the year 9 (1801) appointed him Minister of the Interior. 

 Toward* the cod of the year 12 Chaptal retired from these high 

 appointments. During hi* administration of four yean he conferred 

 luanv benefit* upon the state. Devoting much time to the examina- 

 tion of charitable e*tabli*hmcut, which had suffered from the 

 mi*fortun*a of the time*, be liquidated their debts; and originated 

 several new institutions for the amelioration of the condition of the 

 poor. A* might however be expected from hi* habita, it was to the 

 manufacturing interest* of hi* country that his attention was prin- 

 cipally directed ; be established chambers of commerce, and consulting 

 councils of art* and manufacture*; the School of Art* and the 

 Coaaarvatory, which have become an important seminary and a great 

 mueeutn. are monument* of hi* enlightened solieitude for increasing 

 the opportunitiea and mean* of instruction. He publiabed useful 

 lifooimts, vUited th* manufactories, convened with the workmen, 

 offend them hi* advice, applauded their discoveries, and encouraged 

 the importation of pro cam* and apparatus from abroad ; in fact, he 

 extended hi* viewi and hi* oare to every lubstance and circumstance 

 which he considered favourable to th* improvement of manufactories. 

 * BOOM disappointment* which be could not foresee, and certainly did 

 not merit, obscured the clow of Chapters brilliant career; but he 

 opported them with dignity, without murmuring, and without 

 brealbtag a complaint, H* consoled himVclf among his friends, by 

 *tod*, and by fulfilling duties which had been imposed upon him, or 

 which be had created for himself. Too well informed not to under- 

 land UM nature of hi* Hiaraae, aad feeling hi* end approaching, bo 

 nafcnad himeelf UM a philosopher, and making th. requisite arrange 

 meat* for leaving a world where h* had but few day* to remain, he 

 died beloved aad surrounded by hi* numerous family, bwtowing on 

 them hi* bUsriag a* hi. b*t farewell" (Thcnard.) He died at Paris, 

 S9th Joly 1832, In the 76tb year of hi* age. He wa* a senator under 

 UM Empjre, aad at th* time of his death he was Peer of France and a 

 OOoer of the Legion of Honour. He wa* one of the fint 

 m of UM Socirty of Encouragement, over which he presided 



SocMty of Encouragement, over which be presided 

 May years. 



CbapUT* principal work* an Elcmens de Cbimie/ 3 vol*. 8vo. 

 Tb* first edition appeared in 1790, aad tb* fourth in 1803. It ha* 

 been translated Into moat bngnagt*. E*a*i sur le Perfeotionnement 

 dca Art* CbimiqtMs ea France,' 8vo, 1800 ; ' Artde Fair*, de Oouvcruer, 

 etde Prrieetionner Us Vin,' 1 vol hvo (Bnt edition 1 !>01 ( second, 

 1819); 'TraiU taworiqu* et pratique sur la Culture .In la Vigne,' 

 I voU. &TO (first edition, 1801; second in 1-11); 'Art du Teinturier 

 et du IXSejraiawur/ 8vo, 1800 ; ' Eawi sur 1* BUncbimrat,' 8vo, 1801 ; 

 ' Cnimie applique* aox Art*/ 4 vola. 8vo. 1 807 ; ' Art de b Teinturo 



. o. ; r e a enuro 



too an Roan,' 8vo, 1807; 'De r Industrie Francslee, 1 2 yols. 

 8vo. 1819; ' al. moire *ur 1 Sucre d* IWtternves,' 8vo (fir*t edition, 

 edition, 1881); Chimie ap|4i<iua h ^Agriculture/ 



1815; 



2 vola. 8vo (fin* edition, 1833; aacond edition, 1829). 



VHIIIN, SIB JOI1.V, wa. bora at Paris in November 1643. 



Uis 



father, who wa* a Huguenot, or Protestant, carried on the business of 

 a jeweller in the French capital, and brought up hi* son to the aamo 

 profession. As soon however aa Chardin wu of age, in order to 

 gratify his taste for travelling, and " to endeavour the advancement 

 of his fortune* aud estate," he left France for the Eaat During his 

 fint journey, which lasted from 1664 to 1670, he viaited Persia and 

 the East Indies, and returning to Paris, be published iu 12mo ' An 

 Account of the Coronation of Solyman III., Schah of Persia.' During 

 hi* residence in Persia he gained access to the court, and wa* appointed 

 agent to the Schah, who commissioned him to make purchases of jewel* 

 and trinket* for him in Europe. At the end of 1671 Chardin again 

 departed for Persia by the route of Constantinople, the Black Sea, and 

 Armenia. He arrived at Ispahan in June 1673, and remained in Persia 

 till 1677, "chiefly," he says, "following the court in it* removals, but 

 also making some particular journeys, as well of curiosity as business, 

 to prosecute my intentions, studying the language, and assiduously 

 frequenting the moit eminent and most knowing men of the nation, 

 the better to inform myself in all things that were curious and new 

 to us in Europe." Few travellers have been so conscientious and pains- 

 taking, or have had such good opportunities of acquainting themselves 

 with the country and the manner* and customs of Persia. He spoko 

 the language like a native, he knew Ispahan better than Paris, and he 

 visited nearly every part of the country, traversing, he says, " the 

 whole length aud breadth thereof." 



In April 1681 he came to London, where he settled as Jewell, r t , 

 the court and nobility. On the 24th of the same month of April 16S1 

 he was knighted by Charles II., and on the same day married to a 

 young lady, the daughter of a French Protestant refugee, from Rouen. 

 In the following year he waa elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 

 which had recently been established, and some papers written by Sir 

 John appear in the earliest number of the ' Transactions ' of that society. 

 He continued to carry on a considerable trade in jewels, prosecuting 

 at the same time his studies of the oriental languages and antiquities. 

 He did not publish an account of his eastern travels until 1 686, and 

 then he only brought out the first part of them, being his journey 

 from Paris to Ispahan. ("Travels of Sir John Chardin,' fol., London, 

 1686.) This volume, with an unfortunate prophecy of future glory 

 and a long reign, was rather pompously dedicated to James II., who 

 two years later was driven from his throne. Chardin was a good 

 courtier, but he had obligations to acknowledge to James as well as 

 to Charles II. The latter king had employed him diplomatically ou 

 on important mission to Holland, and in 1083 Sir John had figured 

 at the Hague and Amsterdam as agent for the English East India 

 Company. In 1711 appeared the second part of his travels. During 

 the latter port of his life he lived nt Turnham Green, and, according 

 to an entry in the church books, he was buried at C'hiswick on the 

 29th of December 1713. His travels have been translated into vurioun 

 languages, and often reprinted. There is a very good edition (in 

 French) in 4 vols. 4to, with plates, published at Amsterdam in 17oj, 

 which we have consulted; but the hut and best edition is said to l:o 

 that of Paris, 1811, in 10 vols. 8vo, with notes, by Laugle*, which wo 

 have not seen. 



About sixty yean after his death, some manuscript notes which 

 Chardin had written in India to illustrate passages iu the Scriptures 

 by a comparison of modern eastern usages, and which had long been 

 lost, were recovered by his descendants, who advertised a reward for 

 them. They were nearly all incorporated in Mr. Harmer's ' Observations 

 on diven passage* of Scripture, illustrated by books of travels,' Ac. 



CHAItES of Jlitylcne, Master of the Ceremonies to Alexander the 

 Great, made a collection of anecdote*, or perhaps rather wrote an 

 account of the private life and adventures of the king. We may judge 

 from the fragments in Athemcus that this work contained numerous 

 detail* which were exceedingly curious and interesting, (Athcnams, 

 ' Deipn.,' Casaub., iii. 93, 124 ; x. 434, tc.) 



CHARI'SIUS, AUKK'LIUS ARCA'DIUS, a Roman jurist, who is 

 suppoted to have lived about the time of Constantino the Great. It i.< 

 certain that be lived at least after Modestinus, whom he quotes. 

 ModoitinuB lived under the emperor Alexander Severus (A.D. ._. 

 Chariaius waa Magiiter Libellorum Supplicum, a keeper of pet 

 a* we learn from the title of an excerpt from his own writings (' Dig. ' 

 1, tit 11.) He wrote a work, in one book, ' De Te-ttibus;' a work, in 

 one book, ' De Officio Pnofecto Prajtorio ;' and a work, in one book, 

 'Do Munoribus Civilibus' (see ' Index Fbrentinu* '). 



Hi* writing* contain some words that are perhaps not used by the 

 earlier jurist*, as ' regtmenta,' ' incunotabile. (' Dig.' 22, tit 6, s. 21.) 

 His style and the words that be uses clearly show him to be one of the 

 Intent of tho Roman jurists. Cujocius says that Cbariaius was a 

 ( 'hiitian ; but the proof is not given. There are a few excerpts from 

 the three works of Cbarioius in the ' Digest' 



I'liA'IMTn.N, the author of a Greek romance, in eight books, 

 entitled ' The Loves of Charea* and Callirrhoc.' The writer 

 himself Chariton of Aphrodisiaa. The time at which he lived is 

 uncertain, but probably not earlier than the fourth century of our era. 

 Though this, like must other Greek romances, display* little invention, 

 it has some merit in point of style. Chariton was published by 

 Ii't irville, Amsterdam, 1750, 3 vols. 4to, with a valuable commentary. 

 It was translated into German by Schmieder, Leipzig, 1800, b'vo, and 

 into French by 1-ixrchcr. 



