in 



< UU I 



CHARLES V. 



17* 



m \Kl.K-i I . Kmpcror. [CKABunuuMM.) 



!t: C> II.. called UM Bald. wo of LouU 



l tWbonoaire, and 



Kperor of the We** after the death of 

 It to 874. U* died to 877. H. U noticed man full/ as 

 CIIAUJCS II. of Franoe. 



Kt.Ks Ml . called the Fat, son of LOOM UM Orm*nic. and 

 nephew of CharU* II., wa* dinted Emperor and King of the Ronuuu 

 in 881. He waa at the MOM Um king of France, but on account of 

 hi. incapacity IM waa depoMtl from both UirofM* by a general diet of 

 Fwoeh wd OwtMO lord*. held at Mains to M7. and died the follow 

 teg j*r. MMT Oeo*ta*jo*, to UM greateat diatreaa. From that epoch 

 UM orown of Germany waa finally and for eror MparaUd from that 

 of Fran*. (Sr COXU.B ML of France.) 



CHAIU.K.S IV, of the houM of Luxemburg. King of Bohemia, 

 wa* eUcted emperor to 1347. The most remarkable event of bii 

 reign ia UM promulgation of UM Golden Ball at the diet of Nurnberg 

 to IKt, which became UM fundaouotal law of the German empire. 

 By tUa boll the Dumber of elector* waa fixed at seven three eccle- 

 siastic, UM archhubop* of Mains, Trove*, and Cologne ; and four 

 eecuUr. UM King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, 

 the I hike of Saxony, and tho Margrave of Brandenburg, and to each 

 of theae waa attached a high office of the imperial state or household. 

 Tba Archbishop of Hatoi WM appointed archchanceUor of the empire, 

 UM Arobbtabop of Colon* arohohaootllor of the kingdom of lu'.y, 

 and UM ArcbbUbop of Trove* arohchanoeUor of the kingdom of Arlea, 

 a feudal dependence of the imperial crown. The secular elector* had 

 nominal office* to the imperial household -rr'irnH to them. The 

 right* and privilege* of the elector*, and the forms of the election, 

 war* likewise defined. Chuiea died to November, 1378, at Prag in 

 Bohemia, after thirty year* of a comparatively peaceful reign. lie U 

 charged by German historian* with having preferred the interact* of 

 Li* own family to tho** of the empire. Ilia ton Wencealau* succeeded 

 him both aa emperor and a* king of Bohemia. 



H.UU.KS V. of Germany (Don Carlo* I. of Spain) waa born at 

 Ghent to the year 1500. llu father, the Archduke Philip of Austria, 

 wa* the aon o< the emperor Maximilian I., and of Mary, the daughter 

 of Chart** the Bold, and heirea* of the house of Burgundy. Hi* 

 mother waa Joanna, the only child of Ferdinand, of Aragon and 

 Isabella of Caslil*. By the death of I'hilip to 1506, Charles Inherited 

 UM Netherlands and I'rancbe Coiutd. He was brought up in Flanders, 

 under the care of William de Croy, lord of Chiovres, whom hi* grand- 

 tsther Maximilian appointed to be hi* governor, with Adrian of 

 Utrecht aa bia preceptor. [ADHU.I VI.] By the death of Ferdinand 

 of Aragoo, January 1516, Cbarlei, then sixteen yean of age, inherited 

 UM crown* of Aragon and Castile, with their vast possession* to the 

 New World, aa wall a* the kingdom* of Naple* and Sicily, and the 

 island of Sardinia. After the death of hi* grandfather Maximilian in 

 1519, be waa elected Emperor of Germany, hi* brother Ferdinand 

 being entrusted with the administration of the hereditary dominion* 

 of the bouse of Austria. 



Upon the death of Ferdinand of Spain, Joanna wa* acknowledged 

 quetn; but being to a state of imbecility, ah* wa* unable to exercise 

 the aovercign power. Charie* wa* therefore proclaimed king conjointly 

 with hi* mother. Cardinal Xiruenes, the celebrated minister of Ferdi- 

 nand, sent pressing iuviutiona to Charles to repair to hi* Spanish 

 kingdom* ; but Charles, young and inexperienced, and surrounded by 

 favourite* w 



minister* and favourite* who did not wish for hi* departure 

 from Flanders, delayed more than a twelvemonth before he set out for 

 Spain. At U*t, to September 1617, he embarked with hi* Flemish 

 court, and landed at villa Victor* to Aturias, where the CastUian 

 nobility hastened to meet him. Ximencs also, old and infirm a* he 

 wa*. went to meet the young king ; but he fell ill on the road, and 

 died at Aranda, after receiving a cold letter of dismUaal from Charles. 

 Discontent *oon showed iUelf among the Caatilian* at the tonolenoe 

 and rapacity of the Flemish courtiers. William de Croy, bia wife, his 

 nephew, and Sauvage, whom Charle* waa imprudently induced to 

 appoint Chancellor of Castile to place of Ximenea, and several other 

 Flemish favourite*, thought of nothing but amassing money to Spain 

 and transmitting It to Flanders. Upou Charle* assembling the Corte* 

 of Castile at Valladolid, mark* of a itubborn spirit won discovered 

 themxlve* among the members. At Zaragoza he was obliged to swear 

 to maintain the rights and libartie* of the Araftoneae before they would 

 acknowledge him king. In Catalonia be likewise assembled the Cortea 

 of that principality. While he wa* to this province he received the 

 new* of UM emperor Maximilian* death, which happened in January 

 1519. A few month* afterward* ho wa* himself elected to succeed 

 bit grandfather, and he hastened hi* preparation* to order to leave 

 Spain for Germany. Having appointed Adrato of Utrecht regent of 

 Castile, Don Joan de Lanua viceroy of Aragon, and Don Diego de 

 Mndon viceroy of Valencia, be sailed from Coruha to May 1520 ; 

 landed at Dover on hi* way, where he had an interview with 

 Henry VIII. and Cardinal WoUey, who showed him great attention 

 nd waa crowned Kmperor at Aix-la-Chanelle, 23rd of October 1520. 



< -harks found Germany disturbed by Luther', incipient .chum. At 

 a dM betd at Worm* to January 1621, Luther wa* summoned to 

 appear, and <Tarl gar* him a aafe-conduct for hi* security. Luther 

 rsme, niuacd to retract hi* opinions, and appealed to a general council 

 He wai however allowed to depart to aafety, the msjority of the diet 



and Charles at their head, refusing to renew the disgraceful scenes of 

 Constance. After hi* dei>arture, an edict of outlawry was iasued 

 igainst him in the name of the emperor and by the authority of the 

 Jiet For the *>-quel of this momentous controversy *ee LUTHER. 



While Charie* waa absent from Spain, the town* of Castile broke 

 out into open insurrection. The nobles wore hurt at the influence and 

 nterfercuce of the Fleming* iu the affair* of Spain, and especially at 

 tbo appointment of Adrian of Utrecht, Charles's former preceptor, 

 aa bead of the Regency, whose stem and rigid demeanour wa* not 

 calculated to sooth* the pride of the Castiliau nobility. The higher 

 clergy were likewise offended at the nomination of young William de 

 ,'roy, the nephew of the Lord of Chievres, to the archbishopric of 

 Toledo ; and fearing that ecclesiastical benefices would bo henceforth 

 >*towod upon stranger*, they joined the noble* and commons, and 

 excited the people to resistance by their sermons and writings. " It 

 U certain," lay* a modern Spanish writer, " that if tho procuradorea or 

 commoners to the Corte* and the town* of the Holy League had offered 

 a maintain unaltered tho temporal authority and privileges of the 

 Church, moat of the bishop* would have aided with them." (A. de 

 Arguellea, ' Introduction al Exameu Historioo de la Reforma Constitu- 

 tional') The procuradorea or deputies of the towns showed a still 

 more determined spirit. The remonstrances of the Corte* being 

 unheeded by the Regent*, several of the town* openly revolted to 1520, 

 and convoked a junta of their deputies. Padilla, a young nobleman of 

 Toledo, placed himself at the bead of the Communeros, a* the party 

 of the towns was called. They assembled troops, issued proclamations, 

 and renounced all allegiance to the Regency, but appealed to Charles 

 limself, to whom they aent a statement of their grievance*, asking for 

 immediate redree*, and the dismissal of obnoxious regent* and minis- 

 ter*. Padilla took possession of the person of Joanna, who was still 

 t> K .1 iu all public acts Queen of Castile to conjunction with her sou. 

 Joanna had been for yean insane ; but when Padilla and others 8)>oke 

 to her of the injustice which they had suffered, she seemed to have a 

 lucid interval, and promised redress. She eveu received in state the 

 deputies of the towns and the members of the junta, who kissed her 

 ialid and swore allegiance to her ; but after the ceremony she relapsed 

 into her usual melancholy absent mood, and they were unable to make 

 lier sign any paper. For some months the affairs of the Communeros 

 seemed to prosper ; they defeated the troop* of the Regency at Tonle- 

 aillaa, and almost all the town* of Castile embraced their cause. But 

 the Junta having showed a disposition to curtail the privileges of the 

 nobility and clergy, among others the important one of beiug exempt 

 from taxes, they lost the support of those two powerful bodies. The 

 commons agitated the question of the former crown lands, of which 

 many of the nobility had got possession to course of time, and pro- 

 posed that they should be re-annexed to the royal domain*. The 

 noble* now openly espoused the part of tho crown, and armed their 

 vassal*. They attacked the Communeros at Villareal, defeated them, 

 and took Padilla prisoner, who was immediately executed. His wife, 

 Maria Pacheco, defended herself for a short time within Toledo, anil 

 at hut contrived to escape into Portugal. Charles soon after came 

 into Spain, and assumed the reins of government. He behaved with 

 much indulgence, issued an amnesty for all past political offences, 

 excepting only the leaders, whom however he showed no eagerness to 

 seek after. The war which broke out about that time between him 

 and France toon engrossed all his attention, and he only assembled 

 the Cortes of Castile to demand fresh supplies of money, till at hut 

 they refused to 1539, alleging the privilege of the nobility and clergy 

 to be exempt from taxes. Ho dismissed them, and from that time 

 summoned neither the noble* nor clergy, but merely the deputies of 

 the eighteen cities, who proved sufficiently manageable. Charles's 

 armies were triumphant in Italy; they drove the French from Lorn- 

 bardy, took Genoa, and at last, to February 1525, gained the great 

 battle of Pavia, and made Francis L prisoner. Francis was taken to 

 Madrid, whence he was released, by a convention between him and 

 Charles, iu January 1526, but the war broke out afresh soon after. 

 The pope and the Florentines, having taken alarm at tho power of 

 Charles V., joined the French. In 1627 the troojm of Charles V., 

 commanded by the Count-table of Bourbon, marched upon Homo, took 

 and plundered it in a shameful manner, and made the pope prisoner. 

 (< 'i KMF.NT VII.] Meantime, Charles V. at Madrid wa* ordering prayer* 

 to be offered up in the churches for the deliverance of the pope, saying 

 that ha waa obliged to make war against the temporal sovereign of 

 Rome, but not upon the spiritual head of the church. The treaty of 

 Cambrai, in 1529, restored peace between Charles and Francis, who 

 gave up all his claim* to Italy and Flanders. In June of the same 

 year, Charles and Pope Clement were also reconciled ; and in March 

 1530 Charles wo* crowned by the pope at Bologna a* emperor and 

 king of Lombardy. He then united hi* troop* to those of the pope 

 against the republic of Florence, which still held out ; and to August 

 of the same year the Florentines were obliged to capitulate, and to 

 receive for their prince Alexander de' Medici. [COSMO I. w; 1 MEDICI.] 



Charle* after hi* coronation set out for Germany, whero the con- 

 sequences of the religious schism became every day more threatening. 

 At a great diet, held at Augsburg in June 1530, the confession of 

 faith of the Lutheran Church was solemnly presented to him. Charles 

 adopted a temporising policy towards the Protestants of Germany. Ho 

 allowed them the free exercise of their religion, which to fact he could 



