Ill 



CHAUVEAO LAOARDR, CLAUDE FRANCOffl. 



CHRNIER, ANDRfe-MARIE DE. 



Ill 



lot Louis XVIII.. and th* metal wa* used to fora put of 

 . bora* of Henri IT. an UM Foot Ntuf. Chsudet was likewise a 

 painter of ranaadersMe merit ; and hi* widow, Madam* Chaudet, also 



GuK KKAXVOIS, was born at 

 respeotebl* 



CHAUYBAU 



Hi* 



res. in 177. and like Robespierre, bad acquired a . 



name a* a lawyer before tbe revolution. He continued to practise 

 during tboee day* of anarchy, and in tb* beginning of tb* Keign of 

 Terror, his eloquent defenee saved General Miranda from tbe scaffold. 

 Bat in hi* trlmrtlnt for tb* Girondist Urissot. be was less fortunate. 

 oXence of Charlotte Corday startled the judges, and his 

 him, to diaclaim any apology which 

 doubt on her design and motive. He was likewies tbe 

 for Madame Roland, and aawstH her in preparing her 

 _ , bat she would not allow him to venture bis life by appearing 

 to pUad for her in court After tbe trial of Marie Antoinette, in 

 whoet caue* b* wa* likewise retained, tbe fearUes advocate was thrown 

 into priMO, where he remain..! until released by the fall of Robes- 

 pierre (July 2*. 1794). In 1804 Napoleon made him an advocate of 

 IkeConseUdEtet; and in 1814, Loui* XVIII. gave him a patent of 

 mobility . HLA^.n. w ui J we u to consult the narratives which he 

 ' d in 1814, of tbe trial of Marie Antoinette and that of 

 "%-*-* Chaveau Lagarde, tn.int.it.ing to th* last bis 

 as a arm and upright man, died at Paris on tbe 20th of 

 February 184 l.acr 



CHEKE, BIB JOHN, a learned writer of tbe 16th century, descended 

 from an ancient family in the Me of Wight, was born at Cambridge, 

 June 1C, 1514. He was admitted into St. John'* College, Cambridge, 

 in 1531. wbere hi* early studies were chiefly directed to the Latin and 

 Greek language*, tb* Utter of which wa* then almost universally 

 n**Jen>eil After taking hi* degree* in art*, he wa* chosen Greek 

 lecturer of the univenitr, and about 1540 became the first professor 

 of Greek in tb* university, upon King Henry VIII's foundation. He 

 was highly instrumental in bringing the language into repute, and 

 directed hi* attention more particularly to reform and restore, what 

 be immiiUieil. tb* original pronunciation of it Cheke, while pro- 

 was at tbe aam* time Univeraity Orator. In 1543 he waa 

 rated M.A. at Oxford, wbere be also studied for a short time ; 

 1544 wa* sent for to court, to be made, joint-tutor for the 

 Latin tongue with Sir Anthony Cooke to Prince Edward. He seems 

 al*o to hav* had tb* Lady Elizabeth for some time under his care. 

 About 1544 too be became a canon (it is moat probable a lay 

 canon, for there ia no proof of bis having taken orders) of King 

 Henry V Ill's first foundation of the college in Oxford, which has 

 been since called Christ Church ; but upon the dissolution of that 

 foundation in 1546, he was allowed a pension in the room of his 

 oanonry. When Edward VI. came to the throne he rewarded Cheke 

 with an annuity of a hundred marks, and made him one or two 

 favourable grants in purchase of monistic property. In 1548 he had 

 a nut of the college of Stoke by Clare, in Suffolk, and in tbe year 

 following tbe bouse and site of tbe priory of Spalding in Lincolnshire ; 

 but surrendered hi* annuity upon receiving tbe Utter grant The 

 king likewise caused him, by a mandamus, to be elected provost of 

 King's College, Cambridge. In 1550 be wa* made chief gentleman of 

 th* king'* privy chamber, and in 1551 received the honour of knight- 

 hood. About this time he was engaged in various conference* and 

 disputations, on th* Protestant aide, on the subject of tbe sacrament, 

 trausubetautiation, Ac. In 1552 be became clerk of the council, and 

 soon after on* of the secretaries of state, and privy councillor. Thin 

 wa* th* height of Sir John Cbeke* fortunes. His zeal for tbe Pro- 

 testant religion induced him to approve of tbe settlement of the crown 

 open Lady Jan* Gray ; and b* acted tor a very abort time as secretary 

 to her and her council after King Edwards decease. Upon " 

 coisalnri to tbe throne he wa* committed to the Tower, , 

 indictment was drawn up against him : but he remained in prison, and 

 ' if been (tripped of hi* whole substance, re- 



Foreseeing 



the year following, baring 



ceived a pardon, and wa* set at liberty' September 3. 1554. 

 tbe days of persecution, he obtained a licence to travel for some 

 time, and went to Basel, and thence to Italy. At Padua be re- 

 aewed hi* Greek studies : and afterwards, in bis return from Italy, 

 MtUed at Strasbourg, what* b* read a Greek lecture in order to obtain 

 eubafatenea. In Uv* beginning of 15M b* cams, by a treacherous 

 invitation, to Ilruse.1*, though under misgivings, which were only 

 Hayed by tbe consultation of astrology, a peeado-ecieooe to which 

 Blr John Cbeke wa* unfortunately attached, and which upon this 

 occasion deluded him. Between Brueatl* and Antwerp be wa* 

 bed by order of Philip 1L, blindfolded, thrown into a waggon, 

 conveyed to the nearest harbour, put on board a ship under hatches, 

 and brouRbt again to th* Tower of London. Tbe desire of gaining 

 the reeoneOintson of eminent a man to tb* church of Rome had been 

 the InJureaisnt to bis arrest, an.l DOW led the queen not only to 

 MM of her chaplain*, but Dr. Feckenham, at that time dean of St 

 Paula, to endeavour to convert him. Tbe chaplain* bad no succees 

 with their argument* : but Keck.nham's war, brought into a narrower 

 "!: be nAL" Either comply or bmm." Cbek* could not with 

 toad the dreadful alternative. On July 16, after a ivVi negotiation 

 with Cardinal Fob, h* wrote to tb* queen, and declared hi* nadine** 

 to obey her Uws and otber orders of religion. He afterward, not only 



made his solemn submission before the cardinal, but on the 4th of 

 October made a public recantation before tbe queen, and after that 

 before tbe whole court Upon these mortification* his lands war* 

 restored to him, but upon condition of an exchange with tbe queen 

 for other*. He was compelled to be present at the examinations and 

 convictions of Protestants, and in various ways to make a public 

 display of his adoption of tbe new principle*. Remorse and vexation 

 however sate at last so heavy on Cheke* mind, that he pined away 

 with sham* and regret He died September 13, 1557, at the age of 

 forty-three. Some of Sir John Cheke'a works are in very elegant 

 Latin ; but few of them would suit the reading of the present day. 

 Still he waa on* of tbe most learned men of his age, one of its greatest 

 ornament*, and one of the revivers of polite literature in England. 



(Strype, Life of Chttt, 8vo, Lond., 1705 ; Biogr. lira., old edit, 

 vol. ii. p. 1309 ; Buss, edit of WoodWOflNI Ujconiaaa, voL i. p. 24 1 ; 

 Chalmers, Biogr. Diet., vol. ix. p. 225.) 



i II KMNITZ, MARTIN, the most eminent of tbe Protestant divines 

 of the 16th century, after Luther and Melancthon, was the son of 

 parents in an bumble condition of life. He was born at TreunbrieUen 

 in tbe Mark of Brandenburg, on the 9th of November 1522. He 

 received hi* education at Magdeburg and at Frankfurt-on-the-Oder, 

 and in 1544 accepted tbe place of a schoolmaster at Wrietcen-on-the- 

 Mer : he devoted the small salary which he derived from it, in tbe 

 allowing year, to the prosecution of hi* studies at Wittenberg. By 

 the advice of Melancthon be applied to mathematics and astronomy, 

 and in 1547 went to Konigsberg, wbere he obtained in 1548 the place 

 of Rector in the Cathedral School He composed the calendar for 

 549-50, and having been recommended for bis astronomical knowledge 

 to Duke Albert of Prussia, was appointed bis librarian. From that 

 time forward theology became hi* principal study. In the disputes 

 of Osiander, on the doctrine of justification, be took part with Murliii 

 against him ; but this affair caused him so much vexation, that ho 

 equested and obtained tbe duke'* permission in 1553 to return to 

 Wittenberg to pursue hi* theological studies. Here he deli. 

 eotures on Melancthon's ' Loci Communes,' from which his own ' Loci 

 Pheologici,' published by Leyscr (Frankfurt, 1591, folio), arose, and 

 which form a commentary on the doctrines of Melancthon, which is 

 superior to all other works of the kind of that age, and is still of 

 >ormanent value. In 1554 he obtained the situation of pastor at 

 Brunswick, and attacked the Jesuits by an exposition of their dangerous 

 doctrines in his ' Theologiao Jesuitarum pnccipua Capita' (L 

 1562). On the publication of a defence of the order of the Jesuits 

 and of the Council of Trent by the Portuguese Jesuit Didacus de 

 Paiva de Andrada, he took occasion to subject the resolutions of that 

 council to a severe examination. Hence arose hi* ' Kxainen Concilii 

 Triclontini ' (4 vols., Leipzig, 1565, Svo: tbe beet edition is that of 

 Frankfurt, 1707, folio). The 'Examen' is a work full of historical 

 information, and as a solid refutation of the Roman Catholic doctrines 

 it has not been surpassed by any subsequent publication. The sound 

 judgment, the clear and easy yet serious and impressive style, and 

 the spirit and moderation manifested in bis work, caused even tbe 

 Roman Catholics to admire and commend him. With equal appro- 

 bation Chemnitz defended Luther's doctrine of tbe Lord's Supper 

 against the Calvinists in his ' Kepetitio sanso Doctrinac de vera Presentia 

 Corporis et Sanguinis Domini in Ccena Sacra' (Leipzig, 1561). He 

 also took a decided part in fixing the doctrines of the Protestant 

 church. In conjunction with Morlin he compiled at Konigsberg, in 

 1566, tbe 'Corpus Doctrinaj Prutenicse,' which acquired great authority 

 among the Protestants in Prussia. Having become superintendent of 

 the diocese of Brunswick in 15C7, he drew up a creed for tbe churche* 

 of Lower Saxony, which wa* adopted in 1671 at the Convention of 

 Wolfcnbiittel ; and from 1578 he exerted himself, with Jacob Andrea, 

 to induce tbe churches of Saxony and Suabia to adopt the ' Formula 

 Concordise,' which was introduced in Upper and Lower Saxony, Suabia, 

 and Kranconia, as a rule of faith. He devoted himself almost exclu- 

 sively to this work ; took with Andrea a leading part in all the meeting* 

 that were held on the subject ; and obtained the admiration of his 

 contemporaries as well by the prudence and firmness of his conduct 

 as by the depth and extent of his knowledge. Having resigned his 

 office in 1586, he died at Brunswick on the 8th of April 1586. The 

 ' Harmony of tbe Gospel*,' which he had begun, wa* completed by 

 Leyaer and Job. Gerhard. 



Chemnitz was so highly esteemed by hi* contemporaries that, after 

 his settling at Brunswick, he received offers of important situations 

 from Frederick, king of Denmark; from the electors Louis of the 

 Palatinate, Augustus of Saxony, and John George of Brandeuburg, 

 likewise from Duke Albert of Prussia and tbe Protestant* in Austria; 

 but be was satisfied with his situation, and declined them. 



(lirockhans, Ctmtmatimu Ltxiko* ; Die Kircktn Hittorie, 2 vols. 4 to, 

 Jens, 1785.) 



1 HI.MKK, ANDRfc-MARIE DE, was born at Constantinople, 

 Oct 22, 1763, whore his father was consul-general of France. The 

 family having returned to France in 1773, Andre* was placed at tbe Col- 

 lege de Navarre in Par!*, and went through a long course of study with 

 signal mooes*. In Greek particularly he excelled ; and he became pas- 

 sionately fond of ancient literature. His studies having injured bis 

 health, be was advised to travel. First ho visited Switzerland, in 1785 ; 

 then England, in 1780, as attache' to the embassy of M. do la Luzerue. 



