217 



CHETTLE, HENRY. 



CHEYNE, GEORGE. 



218 



lieutenant, at the beginning of 1745, the year of the Pretender's las 

 war in Scotland, and a time of intrigue and difficulties, consentec 

 again to proceed as ambassador to Holland. On his return in a few 

 weeks, he immediately repaired to his Irish post, where he dis 

 tinguished himself, in a season of very great turbulence, by hi 

 tolerant spirit, and conciliating popular manners. His short govern 

 ment in Ireland was perhaps the most brilliant and valuable part o 

 hie public life. Instead of treating it as his predecessors had done, as 

 a sinecure, Chesterfield made his post one of active exertion. He 

 reformed abuses, dealt out even-handed justice to all parties, am 

 though entering on office at a time of turbulence and danger, acted so 

 as to conciliate the disaffected, and to secure a " degree of tranquillit; 

 such as Ireland had not often displayed even in orderly and settlec 

 times." George II., whose prejudices were removed or weakened 

 recalled him from Dublin in April 1746, and appointed him principa 

 secretary of state. In consequence of finding himself constantly 

 thwarted by the Pelhams, and being obstructed in some measures 

 which he considered important, and of his now really declining health 

 he resigned his office in January 1748, much, it is said, to the regrel 

 of the king, who offered to make him a duke, an honour which 

 Chesterfield respectfully declined. He was kept from the House ol 

 Lords by his giddiness and deafness, but in 1751 he delivered an 

 elegant speech in favour of adopting the New Style, a measure in 

 which he took great interest, and for which he had endeavoured to 

 prepare the public mind by writing in some of the periodicals. His 

 declining years, though now and then brightened by flashes of wit 

 and merriment, were clouded by sickness and despondency arising 

 from his loss of hearing. He died on the 24th of March 1773, in the 

 79th year of his age. His natural son, Philip Stanhope, to whom his 

 well-known Letters were addressed, died five years before him. 



By his wife, Melusina Schulemberg, countess of Walsingbam, and 

 niece or daughter to George I.'s mistress, the Duchess of Kendal, he 

 had no iaaue. After much opposition from George II., who pretended 

 to found his objection on Chesterfield's incessant gambling, this 

 German lady married his lordship in 1733. In the will left by 

 George I., and destroyed by George II., it is affirmed that there were 

 large legacies to the Duchess of Kendal and Lady Walsingham, and 

 that upon Chesterfield threatening a suit in Chancery for his wife's 

 supposed legacy, he received in lieu of it the sum of 20,0002. This 

 affair w said to have been a chief cause of the king's enmity against 

 him. (Walpole, ' Memoirs,' and ' Reminiscences ; ' Mahon, ' History.') 

 Chesterfield always had a certain taste for literature, and a partiality 

 for the society of literary men. At different times of his life he 

 associated with Addison, Pope, Swift, Gay, Arbuthnot, Voltaire, 

 Montesquieu, and Algarotti. He patronised Hammond, a poet of 

 third-rate merit, but an unfortunate amiable man, and procured him 

 a eat in parliament. In his intercourse with Samuel Johnson he gave 

 himself lordly airs, and the sturdy doctor, thinking himself slighted, 

 avenged himself in the celebrated letter which was prefixed to the 

 first edition of his ' Dictionary.' His ' Letters to his Son," which were 

 published by his son's widow the year after his death, were never 

 intended for publication. They have been much censured for the 

 loose morality which they inculcate; but still, though their low moral 

 tone must be admitted, it must also be acknowledged that they show 

 a great knowledge of the world, and much practical good sense, 

 expressed in a singularly easy, agreeable, and correct style. His 

 ' Miscellanies,' consisting of papers printed in ' Fog's Journal," and 

 'Common Sense,' of tome of his speeches and other state papers, 

 and a selection from his ' Letters to his Friends,' in French and 

 Knglish, together with a ' Biographical Memoir,' written by his friend 

 and admirer Dr. Maty, were published in 2 vols. 4to, in 1777. A 

 third volume was added in 1778. Chesterfield also wrote Nos. 100 

 and 101 in the 'World,' in praise of Johnson's 'Dictionary,' and 

 sundry copies of very light verses which appeared in Dodsley's 

 collection. 



(Dr. Maty, Life; Lord Orford, Worki, vol. i. p. 533, and vol. iv. 

 p. 277 ; and especially Earl Stanhope's admirably-edited Lettert and 

 Works nf P. D. Stanliope, Earl of Chaterfield, 5 vols. 8vo, 1853.) 



CHETTLE, HENRY, whose name occurs very frequently in the 

 history of the old English drama, was a contemporary of Shakspere. 

 We read the names of over forty plays attributed to him in whole or 

 in prt, the dates of which extend from 1597 to 1602; but his writing 

 for the stage must have begun before 1592, when he published 

 Greene's ' Groatsworth of Wit.' Chettle appears to have been originally 

 a compositor ; and in n receipt given to Henslowe in 1598 he styles 

 himself 'stationer.' He led an unsettled life, was constantly in pecu- 

 niary straits, and more than once in prison for debt. In Henslowe's 

 ' Diary ' there are numerous entries of small sums advanced to Chettle 

 (or, as Henslowe in his queer orthography more commonly calls him, 

 "harey cheattell ") on plays he has undertaken to write. They appear 

 to be usually written in conjunction with some other persons, but 

 sometimes his name appears alone, thus : " Lent unto Thomas 

 Downton, the 27 of febreary 1598 [1599], to paye unto harey cheattell, 

 in fulle payment for a playe called Troyes Revenge, with the tragedy 

 of polefeme, the sume of fiftye shellenges; and strockeu of his deatte, 

 which he owes unto the company, fifty shellinges more." Four 

 only of his plays have been printed, of which an account is given in 

 Collier's 'History of Dramatic Poetry;' and the same editor has 

 moo. DIV. VOL. n. 



inserted, in his ' Supplementary Volume ' to Dodsley's collection, 



' The Death of Robert, Earl of Huntington,' written by Chettle and 

 Anthony Munday. Examples of his style will be found in Lamb's 

 ' Specimens.' 



* CHEVREUL, MICHEL EUGENE, a distinguished chemist, was 

 born at Angers, August 31st, 1786. His father, who practised as a 

 physician, took good care of his education, and sent him to the Central 

 School at Angers. In 1803 the youth removed to Paris, and studied 

 chemistry under Vauquelin. In 1810, when not more than twenty-four 

 years of age, he became assistant naturalist to the museum ; but some 

 of the professors having taken umbrage at the growing importance of 

 the appointment, it was abolished. Later M. Chevreul was named 

 professor of science at the College Charlemagne ; then officer of the 

 University ; examiner at the Ecole Polytechnique, and lastly director 

 of the dyeworks, and professor of special chemistry at the Gobelins. 

 Here he signalised his practical science and judicious taste by his 

 innovations with respect to associated colours. He gave a course of 

 lectures ou the subject, which were understood only by a limited 

 number of adepts. The opinion that taste and colours should not be 

 discussed had passed into a proverb : Chevreul denied the assertion, 

 and drew up a species of aesthetics for the use of dyera, manufacturers, 

 and artists. 



In 1826 Chevreul was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences, 

 and a foreign member of the Royal Society of London, and in 1829 he 

 succeeded Vauquelin in the professorship of applied chemistry at the 

 Jardiu des Planter. One of his earliest works, which has contributed 

 in no small degree to his reputation, was, au analytical treatise 

 'Recherches chimiques sur Jes Corps gras d'origine Animale.' It 

 establishes an epoch in science by its rigorous and philosophical 

 method ; and in the arts by the multitude of its applications and the 

 greatness of its results. From it many new branches of industry have 

 been created, and others profitably metamorphosed. Oleic acid, so 

 useful in the preparation of woollen yarns, stearine, and the remark- 

 able imitations of essences and perfumes, all originated in Chcvreul's 

 researches. 



In 1831 M. Chevreul published ' Leyons de Chimie applique'e a la 

 Teintnre, faites a la manufacture Royale des Gobelins,' 2 vols. Svo, 

 which became a text-book on that subject. In 1839 appeared 'De la 

 Loi du Contraste simultand des Couleurs, et de 1'assortiment des 

 objets colored, conside're' d'apres cette Loi daus BBS rapports avec In 

 peinture, 1 &c. This is a remarkable work, full of philosophical reflec- 

 tions, apt generalisations, and scientific illustrations of the theory. 

 The laws of harmonious colouring are therein clearly established. It 

 has been translated into English, and wherever known is recognised as 

 a thoroughly scientific and practical authority. By invitation of tho 

 minister of commerce, M. Chevi-eul delivered a course of lectures ou 

 ;he subject at Lyon, from which great advantages accrued to the 

 manufacturers of that city. M. Chevreul shows the applications of his 

 theory to be innumerable, and discusses especially the optical effects 

 of silken stuffs, illustrating his doctrine by contiguous metallic cylin- 

 ders, regarded under four different aspects : according as they are 

 3arallel or perpendicular to the plane of the luminous rays that strike 

 ;hem, and according as the observer turns his back or his face to the 

 ight, and he examines the question as to whether the light is more 

 mrticularly reflected by the warp or weft of the tissue. This theory 

 vas printed in 1846 at the expense of the Chamber of Commerce of 

 iyon. 



In 1852 the Socidte" d'Encouragement awarded to M. Chevreul their 

 >rize of 12,000 francs for his work on the ' Corps Gras,' and expressed 

 it the same time by the mouth of M. Dumas, one of the foremost 

 chemists of the day, their high opinion of his merits. 



Among the numerous writings with which M. Chevreul has enriched 

 science for more than forty years, are some of no little importance on 

 .he chemical reactions which affect the hygiene of populous cities. 

 ,'n these he traces the causes of insalubrity, and treats the subjoct 

 rom a point of view which raises it into a science applicable in sanitary 

 regulations. 



Although in hia seventieth year, M. Chevreul retains his intellectual 



activity, and takes part in the meetings of the Institute, in the adminis- 



ration of the Jardin des Plantes, in the management of the Socie"t<$ 



entrale d' Agriculture, and of the Gobelins, besides delivering every 



year two or three courses of lectures on chemistry. This latter is his 



avourite science, and he has for some time been engaged in writing a 



jistory of it. His fitness for the task is demonstrated by the many 



ble articles from his pen in the 'Journal des Savants,' the 'Annales 



e Chimie,' ' Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles,' ' Me"moires de 



Acade'mie des Sciences,' and other publications. He ia a member of 



most of the principal scientific societies of Europe. 



CHEYNE, GEORGE, was born in Scotland, in the year 1670. He 

 ras at first intended for the church, but after attending the lectures 

 _f Dr. Archibald Pitcairn, he determined to practise medicine. Having 

 ,aken his Doctor's degree, he came to London about 1700, and soou 

 fter published his ' Theory of Fevers,' in which he attempts to explain 

 he doctrine of secretion on mechanical principles. His next work, 

 On Fluxions,' was published in 1705, and procured his admission 

 nto the Royal Society. At a maturer age he called this a juvenile 

 reduction, and acknowledged that it was justly censured by De 

 Joivre, to whom and to Dr. OHphant he makes an apology in the 



