221 



CHILLINGWORTH, WILLIAM. 



CHODOWIECKI, DANIEL. 



222 





British Museum. In 1819 he published a translation of The'nard's 

 ' Essay on Chemical Analysis,' and in 1822 of Berzelius's ' Treatise on 

 the Use of the Blowpipe,' with additional experiments and notes. He 

 discovered a method for extracting silver from its ore without amal- 

 gamation, and derived considerable profit by selling the right to use 

 it to several South American mining companies in 1824. He helped 

 in establishing the 'Zoological Journal,' which appeared in 1825, and 

 was one of the first editors. In 1826 he was elected secretary of the 

 Royal Society, and resigning the following year on account of ill 

 health, was re-elected in 1830, and retained the office for seven years. 

 In 1839, on the death of hU third wife, Mr. Children resigned hia post 

 at the British Museum. He died on the first day of 1852. 



CHILLINGWORTH, WILLIAM, was the son of William Chilling- 

 worth, mayor of Oxford, where he was born in October, 1602. In 

 1618 he was a scholar, and in 1628 a fellow, of Trinity College in that 

 University. Some curious memoirs of him are preserved by Anth. Wood 

 ('Athen. Oxon.' c. 20), who says "he would often walk in the college 

 grove, and dispute with any scholar he met, purposely to facilitate 

 and make the way of wrangling common with him, which was a 

 fashion used in those days, especially among the disputing theologists, 

 or those who set themselves apart purposely for divinity." The com- 

 parative merits of the English and Romish churches were at that 

 time a subject of zealous and incessant disputation among the 

 university students ; and several learned Jesuits succeeded in making 

 distinguished proselytes among the Protestant clergy and nobility. 

 Chillingworth, being an able disputant, was singled out by the famous 

 Jesuit Fisher, alias Johannes Perseus (' Biblioth. Soc. Jesu '), by whom 

 he was convinced of the necessity for an infallible living 'Rule of 

 Faith.' On this he at once adopted the Roman Catholic system, wrote 

 out his reasons for abjuring Protestantism, and joined the Jesuits in 

 their college at Douay. 



After the lapse of a few months, the arguments addressed to him 

 by his godfather, Dr. Laud, then bishop of London, induced him to 

 abandon his new faith, and he returned to Oxford in 1831, where he 

 passed about four years in reconsidering the Protestant tenets. The 

 great work of Daille on the ' Fathers,' which then first appeared, is said 

 to have finally determined him. 



In 1685 he published his 'Religion of Protestants, a safe way to 

 Salvation.' It excited great attention, and passed through two editions 

 in less than five months. The principle of Chillingworth is, that the 

 volume of Divine Scriptures, ascertained to be such by the ordinary 

 rules of historical and critical investigation, is to be considered the sole 

 authority of Christians, to the utter exclusion of ecclesiastical tradition. 

 His assertion of the principle of private j udgment was opposed as much 

 by the Puritans as by the Roman Catholics ; and while the Jesuit 

 Knott, alias Matthias Wilson ('Biblioth. Patrum Soc. Jesu/ p. 185), 

 contended that he "destroyed the nature of faith by resolving it into 

 reason;" Dr. Cheynell " prayed that Ood would give him new liirht to 

 deny his carnal reason, and submit to faith." Theae were two of the 

 most determined of Chillingworth's antagonists. Cheynell was one of 

 the assembly of divines who, in 1646, was sent to convert the Univer- 

 sity of Oxford. Chillingworth in the meantime, unable to reason his 

 conscience into an approval of the 39 Articles, refused to accept any 

 preferment in the church. His long letter on the subject to Dr. 

 Sheldon (afterwards archbishop of Canterbury), a most interesting 

 document, is given in his Life, by Des Maizeaux, p. 86, and in Kippis's 

 ' Biog. Brit.' Nothing can be stronger than the expressions of refusal 

 to subscribe with mental reservation. However, in a very short time 

 ho was completely persuaded by the arguments of Drs. Sheldon and 

 Laud, that peace and union are the real object of subscription, not 

 belief or assent a doctrine held by Archbishop Sancroft and many 

 other eminent divines. Accordingly he accepted the chancellorship 

 of Silisbury with the prebend of Brixworth, Northamptonshire, 

 annexed. Chillingworth, in 1640, was deputed by the chapter of Salis- 

 bury as their proctor to the Convocation in London. He was attached 

 very zealously to the royal party, and wrote a treatise (unpublished) 

 on ' The Unlawfulness of resisting the lawful Prince, although most 

 impious, tyrannical, and idolatrous.' Being present in the army of 

 Charles I. at the siege of Gloucester, August 1643, he acted as engineer, 

 and devised the construction of engines, in imitation of the Roman 

 ' testudines cum pluteis," to assault the rebels and take the city by 

 storm. Having accompanied the king's forces under Lord Hopton to 

 Arundel castle, he was there with his comrades taken prisoner by the 

 parliament army under Sir William Waller; and falling ill he was 

 thence conveyed to the Bishop's palace at Chichester, where he died 

 and was buried in January 1644. A singular scene occurred at his 

 funeral. Dr. Cheynell, then rector of Petworth, appeared at the grave, 

 with the work of Chillingworth (' Relig. of Protest.') in his hand, and 

 after an admonitory oration on the dangerous tendency of its rational- 

 ism, he flung it into the grave, exclaiming, "Get thee gone, thou 

 cursed book, which halt seduced so many precious souls get thee 

 gone, thou corrupt rotten book, earth to earth, dust to dust, go rot 

 with thy author!" He afterwards published 'Chillingwortlii Novis- 

 nirna, or the Sicknesse, Heresy, Death, and Burial of Win. C., with a 

 prophane catechism collected out of his works, by F. Cheynell, Felt 

 Mert. Col!. Ox.,' 1044 and 1725. In this singular production the object , 

 of the author's enmity is jeered at as " this man of reason whose head 

 was as full of scruples as it was of engines." But the character and 



abilities of Chillingworth have been greatly and justly extolled by many 

 of our most distinguished writers. Tillotsou styled him " the incom- 

 parable Chillingworth," and Locke says (on ' Education ') " If you 

 would have your son to reason well, let him read Chillingworth ;" and 

 again (on 'Study'), "For attaining risjht reasoning I propose the 

 constant reading of Chillingworth : for this purpose he deserves to be 

 read over and over again;" but Auth. Wood's opinion is not outdone 

 by any, for he declares that " Chillins;worth had such extraordinary 

 clear reason that if the great Turk or the Devil could be converted, he 

 was able to do it." The result of his remarkable proficiency in 

 ' wrangling' is however stated by his intimate friend Lord Clarendon 

 (' Hist. RebelL') to have been that " Chillingworth had contracted 

 such an irresolution and habit of doubting, that at last he was confident 

 of nothing." It is said by Clarendon that " Chilliugworth was a man 

 of little stature," and that it was " an age in which many great and 

 wonderful men were of that size." The 10th and best edition of ' The 

 Religion of Protestants ' is that in foL, 1742, with sermons, &o., and a 

 life of the author by Dr. Birch. 'The Religion of Protestants' has 

 been since often reprinted. There is a recent edition of Chilling- 

 worth's whole works, in 1 voL 8vo. A complete list of his miscellaneous 

 controversial works is given in Kippis's ' Bio. Brit.,' vol. iii., p. 515, 

 and in the ' Life of Chillingworth.' by Des Maizeaux, 8vo, 1725. 



* CHISHOLM, MRS. CAROLINE, was born about the year 1810, 

 in the parish of Wootton, Northamptonshire, where her father, 

 William Jones, was a small proprietor of land. He died while his 

 daughter was young, but she was carefully brought up by her mother, 

 and in her twentieth year was married to Captain Alexander Cliisholm, 

 of the Indian army. Soon after the marriage they proceeded to 

 Madras, where Mrs. Chisholm's commiseration was excited by the 

 neglected condition in which she saw the female children and orphans 

 of the British soldiers. She succeeded in establishing, under her own 

 management, a school for girls, and afterwards a school of industry, 

 which had the most satisfactory results. After a residence of some 

 years at Madras, the state of Captain Chisholm's health required a 

 change of climate, and in 1838 he obtained leave of absence, and they 

 removed to Australia. They resided for some time at Sydney, and 

 when Captain Chisholm's health was re-established, he returned to 

 Madras, but his wife remained at Sydney. About this time large 

 numbers of young women were landed there from emigrant-ships, 

 who, if they were not immediately engaged, were without friends, 

 without money, and without a place to sleep in. Here again Mrs. 

 Chisholm was excited to benevolent exertion, and her first efforts 

 were directed to obtain an asylum for the destitute girls. Some 

 allowance of food was supplied by the colonial government to those 

 who applied for it, but no place of shelter. Mrs. Chisholm applied to 

 Sir George Gippa, the governor, and at length, at the end of 1341, a low 

 wooden building was obtained, part of an old barracks, and very small, 

 where she herself mostly resided with the girls, in order to superintend 

 and train them. Step by step she extended her plans of benevolence, 

 lent small sums to assist the emigrants, travelled far into the interior, 

 taking young women with her to place them in their situations, 

 became known to the settlers, who willingly supplied food and shelter, 

 established depots in the bush, and a registry-office in Sydney, and in 

 the period from 1841 to the end of 1845 had obtained situations for 

 females and employment for men to the number of 11,000, to whom 

 she lent small sums which amounted altogether to 1'JOM., the whole of 

 which was repaid, minus only 162. In 1845 Captain Chisholm rejoined 

 his wife, and in 1846 they decided on revisiting England. Before they 

 left the colony several of the most distinguished persons in Sydney 

 and the vicinity presented Mrs. Chisholm with an address of thanks 

 "for her zealous exertions on behalf of the emigrant population; " 

 and a subscription of 1502. as a testimonial, which, in accepting, she 

 stated should " be expende 1 in further promoting emigration, and in 

 restoring wives to their husbands and children to their parents." 



Captain- Chisholm and his wife landed in England at the end of t\e 

 year 1846, and took up their residence at Islington, where she carried 

 out her plans of assisting the emigrants of the poorer classes. She 

 established a ' Family Colonization Society,' by which passage-money 

 was collected by weekly instalments ; she travelled in the manufac- 

 turing districts, and both there and in the metropolis explained her 

 plans, and gave many interesting accounts of what she ha 1 done and 

 seen. Large numbers of emigrants, properly and prudently provided 

 for, were sent out in successive ships, and in 1354 she herself and her 

 family left London in an emigrant ship for Australia, with the inten- 

 tion, as she stated, of there spending the remainder of her life. A 

 considerable sum was subscribed iu Great Britain as a testimonial, and 

 presented to her before she left. 



CHODOWIECKI, DANIEL, a distinguished miniature-painter and 

 etcher of the 18th century, was born at Danzig ia 1726. His father 

 was a tradesman of Danzig, and Daniel was brought up and continued 

 in the business until his father's death in 1740. In 1743 he removed 

 to Berlin, and entered into the service of an uncle, who seems to have 

 kept a general store. One class of articles which, lie sold was painted 

 snuff-boxes, the paintings of which were all executed by Daniel in his 

 leisure hours, many of them on enamel, which art his uncle had had 

 him taught for the purpose. The designs were all copied from prints, 

 and were, according to Chodowiecki's own account, miserable perform- 

 ances : his whole "knowledge of drawing and painting he had learnt 



