CICOONARA. COUNT LEOPOLD. 



CIQNANI, CARLO. 



SIS 



. the duai* at the four Orations, 'Port Reditum in Senatu,' 

 Ad Uuirita* pa* Roditum,' 'Pro Domo *u*,' and ' Da H*ru*picum 

 -' in volume published at Berlin in 1 801. In the following 



War be published an edition of the ' Pro Marcello,' with his reason* 

 far WUeving it to be >puriou*. In regard to the letter* ' Ad Brutum,' 

 Bar-rev The etodeot of Cicero's writing* ihould also pone** the 

 amount of hi* ' Life,' by Conyers Middleton. It has been freely 

 ployed hi thi* article, bat the strong bia* of the author in favour 

 of hi* hero ha* been throughout corrected from the writings of 

 Cicero himeelf, more particularly hi* letter* to Attica*, which having 

 been written in confidence to an intimate friend, and never intended 

 fcr publication, furnuh a test for trying the character of the writer 

 rinh r- few public men could stand with impunity. Middletou has 

 de two great errors in forming his notion of Cicero and the men 

 who lived in his time*. He ha* believed all that he has said of 

 hiaweU, and all that he has aaid of hi* enemies ; and beside* this, he 

 baa, with aomething of dUlngenuity, softened down those points 

 Inn he ha* unintentionally borne evidence against himself. The 

 translation* of Cicero's writings in English are not of great merit 

 Ooe of the bast is Melmoth* translation of the 'Letters;' but his 

 style U too florid. The French language possesses an excellent trans- 

 lation of the ' Letter* to Atticus,' by the AbW Mongault, accom- 

 panied by a Commentary no lex excellent ; and the German language 

 ha* a *till more valuable translation of all the ' Letters ' in chrono- 

 logical order, by Wieland, with note*, and a number of historical 

 chapter*, which are tainted however with an undue partiality to 

 Cloero. A moet laborious aud useful work for the student of these 

 tjnm bat *till retaining much of the same prejudices, will be found 

 in the 'History of Rome, in its transition from a republican to a 

 monarchical form of government; or Pompey, Caesar, Cicero, and 

 their Contemporaries,' by Professor Drumann, of Konigsberg. The 

 work is drawn up in an alphabetical order according to tho gentile 



CICOONA'RA, COUNT LEOPOLD, was bora at Ferrara, Novem- 

 ber 86, 1767, and. although the inheritor of considerable wealth, began 

 early to diitiuguish himself by hi* application to study. While yet a 

 youth he made considerable proficiency in mathematics and physics, 

 whereby he recommended himself to the notice of Spallanzani, Scarpa, 

 and many other eminent individuals at the -university of Pavia. 

 Having completed his course of studies there he proceeded to Home, 

 where he occupied many years not only in studying the great works of 

 art, bat likewise in practising himeelf both iu drawing and painting, 

 for which he bad almost from his boyhood manifested more than 

 ordinary talent After visiting Naples and Sicily, in which latter 

 country he published, at Palermo, his first literary effort, a poem, 

 entitled ' Le Ore del Giorno,' he successively visited Florence, Milan, 

 Bologna, and Venice, for the purpose of making himself thoroughly 

 acquainted with the various treasures of art iu those cities. In 1795 

 he fixed himself at Modena, and during the twelve following years 

 appears to have given much of his attention to public affairs, having 

 been for some time minister at the court of Sardinia. He resigned 

 hi* post in 1808, when he was made president of the Academy of the 

 Kin-- Art* at Venice ; an office for which he was well qualified uo less 

 by the public-spirited zeal with which he discharged it than by his 

 knowledge of art itself and the literature belonging to it From this 

 epoch in hi* life may be dated the commencement of his career as a 

 writer, daring which he enriched the branch of literature jut men- 

 tioned by many important works. In the same year (180S) he 

 published a treatise on 'The Beautiful' ('II Bello'). This was suc- 

 ceeded by hi* great work, ' The History of Modern Sculpture' ('Storia 

 della Scultura dal suo risorgimento in Italia al Secolo di Napoleone'), 

 an undertaking to which he had been urged by his friends Uionlani, 

 J/Agincoort, and SchlegeL It is in three folio volumes, the first of 

 which appeared in 1816, and the last in 1818, and contains about 180 

 outline plate*, exhibiting a vast number of subjects from the earliest 

 period the age of the 1'isani and Douatcllo to that of Canora, to a 

 notice of whose works the whole of the seventh or last book is 

 devoted. Although not without defects, it is undeniably a perform- 

 ance, of great research and erudition, bringing down to the present 

 oratory the history of the art from the point at which it had been 

 left by H'Agiucourt, who himself bad taken it up where Winckcluiann 

 had quitted it Besides a vast body of information as to the professed 

 abject, this work also embraces much subsidiary matter of great 

 interest, particularly tho descriptive and historical notices of St Mark's 

 at Venice, the cathedral* of Milan and Orvieto, St Peter's, and many 

 other Basilica. 



Hi* next publication was a catalogue raisound in two thick 8vo 

 volume* of hi* own library, an immense collection of work* in every 

 Jiiaitamt of the fin* art*. This i* a most valuable addition to 

 UbUograuby, and shows that Cicognara spared no cost in tho pursuit 

 of hi* favourite studies. He ukwi*e produced a work entitled 

 Memorie per Mrvire alia Storia della Caloografie,' and contributed 

 numerous article* relative to mit.jecte of art and artist* to various 

 journal*. Even had be produced none of the works above enumerated, 

 the name of Cicognara would have been transmitted to posterity with 

 honour bjr the two splendid architectural volumes entitled ' Le 

 Kabbricbe pin Coepicue di Vrnena,' 1815-20, of which tbe greater 

 hare of the literary part and the chief conduct of the work belong to 



him, although he was assisted iu it by Diodo and Salvo, who furnished 

 the accounts of many of the buildings. It is illustrated with 250 

 engravings of all the most interesting structures of Venice. Cioognara 

 died at Venice of a disease of the lungs, March 5, 1834, ai, 

 obsequies were performed with great solemnity in the cathedral of 

 StMark. 



CIO. The adventures of this famed Castilion hero are nearly as 

 much involved in fable aud romance a* those of our King Arthur aud 

 his Knights of the Kound-Table, nor is it easy at this distance of time 

 to separate the truth from the exaggeration of tradition and the inven- 

 tions of ballad-writers. Ferreras and one or two other Spanish writers 

 think however that they have established the following fact* : 



The Cid (from the Arabic El Seid, ' the Lord ') who was so called by 

 the Moors of Spain whom ho subjugated by his victories, was born at 

 Burgos somewhere about 1010 : his real name was Rodrigo Diaz de 

 Bivar. He attached himself to Sanchez IL, king of Leou and Castile, 

 whose life he once saved iu battle. At the siege of Zamora, Sanchez 

 was treacherously slain, and his brother Alfonso, the next iu 01 : 

 succession, was suspected of the deed. The Cid insisted that, I 

 taking possession of the vacant throne, Alfonso should purge himself 

 by taking on oath of his innocence of his brother's murder ; and when 

 the rest of the nobles hung bock, he alone exacted and made the king 

 repeat the vow, to which he added the most awful maledictions in 

 case of perjury. After such a step he could expect little court favour, 

 and the state of Spain encouraged his propensities to war aud advcu- 

 ture. His life was a continued series of combats with the Moons w h<> 

 occupied by far the largest and richest parts of the country. He fell 

 upon them in Ara.-on, burning, plundering, ami slaughtering wherever 

 he went; he took Alcocer,and making that place his stronghold, he was 

 gradually joined by a numerous band, half patriots, half freebooters, 

 with which ho made innumerable incursions into the neighbouring 

 territories of the Moors. Still gathering force, he penetrated to the 

 district of Ternel at the south-western extremity of Aragou, and there 

 established himself iu a strong fortress on a rock, which is still r .!! .1 

 ' La Pena de el Cid ' (' The Hock of the Cid '). l!y the sudden death 

 or murder of the Moorish lord of Valencia, he was encouraged to 

 extend his incursions into that province, and to the shores of tho 

 Mediterranean. Here too he was eventually enabled to establish 

 himself. After a long siege he took Valencia, the capital city, and 

 held it until hU death, which happened about 1099. 



The Cid appears to have really bad a wifo named Ximcna, tho 

 Chlmdne of the cebrated French tragedy ' Le Cid,' but the story of his 

 affecting courtship, and the struggle aud cuntra-t of affections iu the 

 heart of his mistres?, are mainly inventions of Corneille. The Spani-h 

 chronicles and ballads from which the French tragedian took thu 

 notion of his plot, or from a drama founded upon them, do indeed 

 relate that the Cid hod killed Xiineua's father; but they destroy all 

 interest in the heroine by saying that after her father's death, and 

 before any tender addresses on tho part of his slayer, she earnestly 

 begged the king to marry her to the Cid, " because," she is made to 

 gay by these naive writers, " I am quite certain that his possesKiuUK 

 will one day be greater than those of any man in your dominions.'' 



The original 'Cronica de el Famoso Cavolloro Cid Ruy Diaz Catu- 

 peador' is supposed to have been written in the 13th century, about 

 150 years after the hero's death. Mr. Southey in his curious work 

 makes use of a printed edition of 1593, and says the first and only 

 other edition was printed in 1552; but there i.s A copy of an cditiou 

 iu the library of the British Museum which bears the date of 1541. 



The ' Pocma de el Cid,' which is believed to contain rather more 

 historic truth than the prose chronicle, was written about tho middlo 

 of the 1 2th century, or only some fifty years after the Cut's death. 

 The author has been called the ' Homer of Spain,' but his name has 

 not beeu preserved. Though scarcely justifying tho extreme praise of 

 Southey, who terms it "the oldest poem iu the Spanish language, and 

 beyond comparison the finest," the 'Poema' contains some powerful 

 passages, and is highly interesting from its undoubted antiquity. 



Beside* this poem tho Spaniards have an immense imml> r at 

 romances and ballads relating to the exploits of the national hero. No 

 fewer than 102 of these are in the real old stylo of tho 13th ami 1 llh 

 centuries; many are evidently more modern, and many moiv 

 never been printed. Iu some of these ballads the wonderful achieve- 

 ments of Bernardo de el Carpio, Ferran Gonzalez, and the rest of tho 

 twelve peon (for Spain had her twelve 'peerless' knights as well as 

 Britain aud France), arc interwoven with the adventures of tho great 

 Cid. An ample notice of these different works will be found iu Mi. 

 Southcy's ' Chronicle of the Cid,' 1 vol. 4to, 1808. See also Lockhai t'.i 

 ' Spanish Ballads,' and ' the Cid ' by U. Dennis. 



CIQNA'NI, CARLO, was born at Bologna, May 15, 1C28. His 

 fath.T was a notary, but claimed his descent from an old Qhibclline 

 family of Florence, who bad been driven from their native city l.y t IK 

 Uuelphn. Carlo, who showed an early ta*tc for painting, was put 

 under Qlambatista Cairo for instruction. He soon surpassed his mas- 

 ter, and was removed to the care of Albani, uuder whom ho rapidly 

 rose in reputation and succors. He subsequently enlarged his stylo of 

 painting by a careful study of the works of Corrcggio and Annilial 

 Caracci, from whom ho learned the art of giving size and space to his * 

 pictures, by means of a powerful and skilful use of cltiarotcuru. 

 Cignani had a singular degree of prosperity ; commissions crowded 



