CIMOX. 



(INCH'S. 



1U 



ith fttHn inaptitude to r*"}* 1 vivacity or 

 oraUeisal dwpUy, which however may not hate at all disqualified 

 kin foe U>. services of active life, lie MOID* to have txoallej rather 

 in doun. Una in talking about doing. Aristides almost alone du- 

 sned ta him the elements of a mat character; and it u probably 

 to hi* fasestins! eharge aod eounwU that the glorious results which 

 mm after ards developed art partly due. 



Clmon's entrance into public life may be placed at the conquest of 

 . on the Strymoo, B.C. 478. This town, which waa very Import- 



ant to Ihe Peniaiu, was dmperately defended by the garrison uu.ior 

 the ntmimand of BOM, who at lart, rather than (urrander, raised a 

 ho pile, placed on it hi* wife and children, and servants, and all hi* 

 naeuiea, and after throwing hU gold and ailver into the Strymon, 

 out himself into the flames. (Herod, vii. 107 ; Thucyd. L 98.) Cbaon'l 

 Mzt victory was at the ialaod of Seyroa, which be seized under the 

 protence that it bad been guilty of piracy which called for punish- 

 neat lie pUuUd a colony of Athenians, and dirided the land 

 amoogst them. (Thueyd. i. 98.) But Cimon'i most important victory 

 w*a> at the Eurymedon in Pamphylia, H.C 466, when he rank or took 

 MO rraisn ships, and carried away prodigious booty from their 

 tonu on the bank* of the rirer. A squadron of 1'hainician ships 

 which waa coming to the aid of the Peraiani wai met by Cimon, and 

 wholly destroyed. The Peraiani were still in possession of the count 

 of Thrace. That Cimon should feel peculiar interest in wresting 

 thoee poeeeeeioui from their power it easy to be explained. Olorus, 

 the father of llegeaipyle. had been king of Thrace. (Herod, vi. 39.) 

 Accordingly he sailed with a mull force and dislodged them from his 

 patrimony, and from a large extent of adjoining country. Twice he 

 led a force to assist the Laceds-monians, B.C. 464 and 461, at the aiega 

 of Ithome. The ioanlting manner iti which the services of the 

 Athenians were rejected by the Lacedaemonians (Thucyd. i 101-2) 

 on the latter occasion, Kerns to have put the people in ill humour 

 with all the friends of Sparta ; and this may have had some effect in 

 bringing about Cimon's exile. Towards the end of the same year 

 (B.C. 461) in which they returned from Ithome, Cimon wag banished 

 for ton years by ostracism. (Clinton, Fast. HeL,' vol. L p. 48.) In 

 the year B.C. 457 there was a battle between the Lacedemonians and 

 Athenians, at Tanagra in Brootia. Cimon presented himself to fight 

 OB the side of the Athenians, and took his stand among those of his 

 own tribe. The council of 500 were consulted, and he was not 

 allowed to remain: he left the army beseeching his friends to act 

 like brave men, and to prore their attachment to their country by 

 their deeds. The Athenians however were signally worsted; and 

 this, with other defrats which they suffered during the exile of Ciinon, 

 seems to have led them to wish for his return. In the fifth year of 

 hie banishment he was recall, d by a decree, of which Pericles himself 

 was the mover. A five years' truce between the Athenians and 

 Leordjemonian* was concluded through the intervention of Cimon 

 B.C. 440. In the following year, B.O. 449, he was appointed to the 

 command of a fleet of 200 vessels, which sailed to assist the Egyptian 

 king AmyrUeiu. lie sent on a aquadron of sixty galleys to the aid of 

 AmvrtBua, and with the rest besieged Citiuui in Cyprus. Here he 

 died, either from Illness or from a wound. Just before he died he 

 forbade his men to report his death until they arrived at Athens ; and 

 1'luurch preserve* the remark of Phanodemus, that the army was as 

 it were conducted by Cimon thirty days after he was dead. Though 

 the Athenians were forced by want of provisions to raise the siege of 

 CiUum, the* did not return home without a victory : they met with 

 fleet of Phoenician and Cilician ships near Salami* in Cyprus, and 

 They afterwards defeated a force on 



The slender private fortune to which Cimon succeeded had been 

 oonsiderably augmented by his Persian victories, and especially by the 

 recovery of his patrimonial estates in Thrace. Ho did not use his 

 aeouieiUons for personal aggrandisement : his munificence was not 

 only fully canal to his means, but was in many respects judiciously 

 dispensed: he preferred hospitality to luxury, and would rather 

 provide a frugal entertainment for many, than a sumptuous banquet 

 for a few. Many of the splendid improvement* which he made in 

 Athene were rflectod at his own cost. The walls from the city to 

 the harbours of Pinvus sad Phalerum were commenced, and in great 

 part executed at Cimon's expense. He changed the Academy from a 

 barren uncultivated field to a shady and pleasant grove, and planted 

 the Agora with plane-toes. It is probable that his taste in these 

 ooMttons was improved by his acquaintance with the painter 



fho gnat object of the policy of Cimon was unceasing war with 

 the Penians, and, in order to prosecute this the more effectually, he 

 strove to maintain the unity of the Greeks. Himself of noble birth, 

 he naturally belonged to the arisiocratical party, and was anxious to 

 pteetus the old institutions of bis country, which time and usage 

 had rendered sacnd. He deeired to see Sparta independent, an ally, 



i 111 iy mtftmmmtwf SMI OMIJ, 



i a nval rather than a subject of Athens; and this circum- 

 stance exposed him to many odious charges, which, however ground- 



n influence on the estimation 

 n which be was held. While Cimon was engaged in continual expe- 

 ditions, sad was nearly five yean in exile, a line of polities, altogether 

 different from his, came into vogue under the auspices of Pericles 



[Pxkicusa], who must be considered as Cimon's successor on the 

 political stage. 



(Plutarch; Nopos, Lift of Oman ; Thirlwall, Orteee, vol. iii., 

 pp. 1-36 ; Heeren, Political J/wtory of Grtect, p. 223, Eugl. trausL) 



CINCINNATI'S, a celebrated Roman consul. Little is known of 

 him previous to the difficulties of his son Cajeo, who, for opposing 

 the tribunes in the performance of their functions, and for ill-treating 

 an old ex-tribune, was to be tried by the Iciliau law. Sureties how- 

 ever were bound for his appearance. In the meantime he went into 

 voluntary exile, and, according to Livy, the sum in which the sureties 

 were bound was exacted from Cincinnatua. In order to pay it, he 

 was obliged to sell nearly all his estates, and afterwards retire to a 

 small farm on the banks of the Tiber, where he cultivated the ground 

 with his own bands. Being subsequently chosen consul, the mes- 

 sengers sent to acquaint him with his election found him engaged in 

 the labours of agriculture. It is said that Cinoinnatus, on hearing 

 the news which they brought, was less elated by the honour his 

 country had paid him, than grieved for the prospects of his farm 

 during his absence. In the year of his consulship he succeeded in 

 restoring tranquillity to the city, and establishing a partial agreement 

 with the tribunes : the senate wished to continue him in office, but he 

 insisted on resigning it at the close of the year, when he retired to his 

 (arm and rural occupations. Soon afterwards (A.U.C. 297) he was 

 chosen dictator, and again received the announcement of his new 

 honour while employed in the cultivation of his field. Conducted 

 into Rome amidst the acclamation .of the people, he forthwith marched 

 against the .qui, and gained a idgnal victory, after which he entered 

 the city in triumph. He procured the recall of his son Cuso from 

 exile, and then abdicated the dictatorship ou the sixteenth day after 

 he had received it He afterwards headed an army against the 

 Volsci, and added another to his former victories. In the absence of 

 military tribunes, he was subsequently created interrex for a short 

 time. A second time he was chosen dictator. Ciuciuuatus was now 

 more than eighty years of age, and nothing but the solicitations of 

 the consuls and senate induced him to accept the office. In all t!ic 

 posts which he filled at different times, his virtue and probity, as well 

 as his patriotism and military success, gained him general admiration. 

 Niebuhr (vol. ii. p. 289) rejects the story of C'incinnatus paying the 

 fine of Cacao, as a mere fiction, fabricated to account for the humble 

 circumstances of so great a man. (Diouysius Haliosrnassensis, x.; 

 Livius, iii., 26, 30, 31, &c. ; Cicero, Dt Fin., ii, 4 ; Niebuhr, Hume, 

 voL ii., p. 286, Ac., Engl. transL) 



CINCIUS. L. CINCIUS ALIMKNTUS, and his contemporary 

 Fabius Pictor, are mentioned by Dionysius of Halicaruassus (' liomau 

 Antiq.' i., 0. 6, ed. Hudson), as the oldest of the Roman annalists. Ali- 

 ineutus is also frequently mentioned by Livy (xxi 38, xxvi. 23, &c.) 



The time of the birth and death of Cinoius is not known, but ho 

 was actively engaged during the occupation of Italy by Hannibal. 

 Alimentus was of a plebeian family. He was qeoator B.o. 219, trilmim 

 plebls B.C. 214, and plebeian ledile B.C. 212. After Maroellus had taken 

 Syracuse, and left Sicily, Ciucius held that province for two years as 

 praetor (Livy, xxvi. 23, xxvii. 7), in the years B.C. 210 and 209. He took 

 with him the soldiers who had survived the defeat at Canute. In the 

 next year he had the command of a naval force, with which he crossed 

 over from Sicily to Locri, on which he made an unsuccessful attack, 

 and was obliged to retreat He was afterwards one of three com- 

 missioners who were sent by the Senate to give their advice to T. 

 Quinctius Crispinus, the consul, who waa lying wounded at Capua. 

 It is not known whether it was at this time or later that he fell into 

 Hannibal's hands, a circumstance which gave him the opportunity of 

 acquiring a more exact knowledge of the events of that period. He 

 learned some facts from the mouth of Hannibal hiuiaelf (Livy, x.\ 

 Cincius wrote a history of Koine from the foundation of the city to 

 his own time, of which Dionysius says that he treated minutely of the 

 events with which he was personally acquainted, but in a summary 

 way of the events which followed the foundation of the city. .V-itlu r 

 the title of his work nor the number of books is known. The work 

 of Ciucius is stated by Dionysius to have been written in Greek, and 

 there is no evidence to oppose to this. Livy frequently mentions Ali- 

 mentus, and in one passage (vii. 3) he calk him an exact authority. 



Other works were attributed to Ciucius on Oorgias of Leoutini, 

 on the Fasti, the Comitia, ou the authority of tho consuls, on the 

 office of a Jurisconsult, on Military Matters, on Ancient Words, and 

 De Festis Mystagogiodu. But it is not certain that the Cinoiua who 

 was the author of these works was the same as the historian, though 

 it is likely enough that an historian might write on military tactics. 

 Oelllus (xvi. 4) gives several extracts from the work on military 

 matters, but he simply calls the author Ciuoius. The chronological 

 difficulty which Krause raises against the author of the treatise on 

 military matters being also the historian is not very great His 

 arguments against the probability of Ciucius having written a gram- 

 matical work such as that on ancient words are much stronger ; and 

 indeed there is no sufficient evidence that the other works that have 

 been mentioned as written by Cincius, were written by the historian. 



The epoch which Ciucius assigned to the foundation of Roma is 

 about the fourth year of the twelfth Olympiad, or B.O. 728. The dis- 

 crepancy from otiier reckonings is accounted for by supposing that 

 Cincius either followed other evidence than the annals of the Roman 



