CLARKXDON. KARL OF. 



CLARK, WILLIAM TIERNEY. 



ve rears. On the secession of Lord John Russell to the premiership 

 inl4. became President of the Board of Trade. This position 

 WWSTST b did not long retain, at on I ha death of the Earl of Bees- 

 Uei,h. h WM sent tci Ireisnil n T nH I liml-nnn* In Urj T"7 H 

 Hn1 on his viomgel duties at a period of considerable ngiution. 

 Famine and few had brought OB great national distress and suffering, 

 and the death of (XConMU. which had been announced In Dnblin a 

 lew dan pMvicysit. was just beginning to cause much popular excite- 

 ment ; the Repeal Aaaockiion were holding larger meeting! and using 

 sti anger UBfnsfe nn ; n d tn P"* 1 * 1 rebellion of 1848 was 

 beginning to CM* Ha ifaadow before it The following extract from 

 Lord Clarendon's aiwwer to an address presented to him by th 

 MM* CMholie prelate*, states la few wordi the piHt in which he 

 . OB hie dntie* ae viceroy there : " The eternal principles of 

 I aod morality can never be violated with impunity, and the 



MrisAteom legislation of byegone time* has left in Ireland traces 

 which must be long and severely felt By penal enactment*, doubt- 

 le. industry wai diteoaraged, property was nnequally distributed, 

 the growth of a middle claes was retarded, the people were demoral- 

 bed, aod the whole fabric of society rendered hollow and insecure. 

 The remedy for soak a state of things has of necessity been slow and 

 illHliill , but it is for the legislature and the government, and for all 

 those who, living in better times and exercising authority, have at 

 heart the true interests of Ireland, to efface the memory of the pant, 

 and by equal laws, impartial justice, and forbearing patience, steadily 

 to carry OB the gnat work of social regeneration, and to place the 

 people of Ireland in the position which they are entitled to occupy.' 

 la spite however of this declaration, Lord Clarendon was obliged 

 before the end of the year to proclaim several disaffected districts. 



The eueisetiu and prudent manner in which he met the threatened 

 danger, and by which he averted the attempt at rebellion in the fol- 

 lowing year, established his political character in a point of view 

 the historian of that period will gladly turn to as a proof of the 

 just moderation as opposed alike to a blind security or 

 strm of coercion. At a later period he had to repress the 

 the Orange party, and in so doing displayed firmness and 

 i similar to that which the popular tumults had called 

 forth. Lord Clarendon held the viceregal office till February 1852, 

 when, with the other meml>ers of the UimsvlUministry, he resigned, 

 aod was replaced by the Earl of Eglinton. His impartial rule 

 niioeed him to the censures of the more violent writers and orators 

 belonging to both the extreme parties which so long divided Ireland ; 

 bat now that strife has somewhat subsided, all parties seem willing to 

 acknowledge Lord Clarendon's desire to improve the national condition 

 of the people and to increase the prosperity of the country. Imme- 

 diately on the formation of the Aberdeen ministry, Lord Clarendon gave 

 in bis adbtrion to the coalition cabinet, and took the seals of the 

 Foreign Office, for which it was felt that he was admirably fitted by 

 his address and skill in diplomacy, and from his deep insight into the 

 views and feelings of the various courts and cabinets of Europe. The 

 ability with which be has discharged the duties of that office since 

 January 1853 has been repeatedly recognised, not merely by friends, 

 but by political opponents; so much so, that when, in 1855, Lord 

 Derby ineffectually attempted to form a ministry, he confessed that, 

 in the vent of becoming premier, be would have been ready to offer 

 the Foreign seals to Lord Clarendon. On the accession of Lord 



in February 1855, no change was made in the 

 Foreign department Accordingly, in the great and stirring events 

 of the last three years, Lord Clarendon his been forced to occupy a 

 leading position, and be has played a distinguished part well Bat 

 though he showed a proper energy in supporting the conduct of the 

 war. Lord Clanndon was not unmindful of the blessings of peace, and 

 did Dot desire to carry on hostilities further than was sufficient to 

 seonre the foundation of an honourable and lasting peace. Accord 

 ingly, when it was announced that a peace congress was about to be 

 held at Paris, the nation looked to Lord Clarendon to take part in it 

 on behalf of Rngland. This duty Lord Clarendon discharged in eon- 

 junction with Lord Cowley, the Britiah ambassador at Paris. In a 

 synch delivered at the opening of the session of parliament in 1850, 

 he explained fully the views with which her Majesty'* ministers would 

 enter on the negotiation with Russia. While he denied that the 



English 

 end an 



ish government intended to carry on the war after the primary 

 and object had been attained, be s 



and object had been attained, be still declared that until those 

 nfomilliiiii should be concluded every preparation would continue to 

 be made lot war; and that if a pesos should not be arranged the war 

 woald be preesoated with increased activity. It was this speech, 

 probably, which tended more than any other single cause to lead the 

 national mind to acquiesce in the peace recently concluded (April 

 IS4) between the belligerent powers; and the judgment and tact 

 dieplaved by hie lordship In the Congress at Paris have been the sub- 

 ject of no alight or partial j.raiae among all oUssen. His discreet seal 

 In the matter of mooted reforms, both civil aod religious in the states 

 of the lulian peninsula, has also been dewrvedly commended. 



LoH Clarendon married in 183V a sister of the present Earl of 

 VeruUui, by whom be ha. a youthful family. He was created a 



if) in I MM. and in 1849 rewanled with the k 



U>e Orter. Of his brothers, one has been recently advanced to the 

 bishopric of Carlisle, and the other is the Right Hon. Charles Pelham 



Villirrs, Judge-Advocate-General, and M.I', for Wolverhampton, whose 

 early exertions in the cause of Free Trade are not likely to be easily 

 'orxotten by the British public. A sister of the Earl of Clarendon, 

 Lady Theresa Lewis, is favourably known as the authoress of the 

 series of biographical sketches entitled ' Friends and Contemporaries 

 of the Lord Chancellor Clarendon.' 



* CLARK, SIR JAMES, BABT., Physician in Ordinary to the Queen, 

 was born at Cullen, Banffthire, in December 1788. He received his 

 early education at the grammar-school of Fordyoe, and afterward* 

 entered King's College, Aberdeen, where he took bis M.A. degree. He 

 next studied medicine at Edinburgh, and passed the College of 

 Surgeons of that city and of London. In 1800 he entered the navy, 

 and held his appointment afloat till 1815, when he returned to Edin- 

 burgh, and in 1817 took the degree of M.D. in that university. 



Dr. Clark then travelled on the continent, and settling in Rome 

 practised there eight years as physician ; and during this period he 

 visited the principal universities and medical schools in Italy, France, 

 and Germany. He had thus an opportunity of becoming acquainted 

 with the most eminent professors and physicians in Europe, and 

 favourable means of observing the state of the profession, and the 

 mode of conducting medical education in the principal medical 

 schools of the continent. He visited also the most reputed mineral 

 waters of those countries with the view of becoming acquainted with 

 their effects on diseases ; and while residing and travelling in Italy, 

 his attention was particularly directed to the nature and effects on 

 health and disease of the different climates of the places frequented by 

 invalids, more especially the effects on consumptive patients. 



Dr. Clark having become known to Prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg 

 at Rome, was appointed by him his physician in 1824. Two years 

 later he returned to England, and having settled in London, was soon 

 after appointed physician to St. George's parochial infirmary. In 

 1829 appeared his work ' On the Sanative Influence of Climate ' (4th 

 edit 1856), which has become an authority. It contains the clearest 

 and most philosophical account of the climates resorted to by invalids 

 in this country aud abroad ; and meteorological tables, which at the 

 date of publication were the best constructed and most complete of 

 any before published in England. They have served as the basis of 

 what has since been done in the same direction. 



In 1832 Dr. Clark was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ; and 

 on the death of Dr. Maton in 1835 he was appointed physician to the 

 Duchess of Kent and the Princess Victoria ; and became Physician in 

 Ordinary on her Majesty's accession to the throne. It was in 1 885 

 that ho published ' A Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption and Scro- 

 fulous Diseases,' which, by its clear exposition and able reasoning, has 

 had a material influence in altering the once mistaken mode of treating 

 those diseases. Dr. Clark was the first to show the origin of con- 

 sumption to be a deteriorated condition of the system ; that the 

 affection of the lungs was the result of a cachectic state of the consti- 

 tution which he termed Tubercular Cachcxia. The accuracy of this 

 view has been recognised, and the term adopted to express the dete- 

 riorative character of consumptive and scrofulous diseases. 



On the establishment of the University of London, Dr. Clark was 

 chosen on the senate. While inquiring into the state of medical 

 education in the foreign universities and medical schools, he bod 

 observed the superiority in several important respects of their 

 methods of instruction, more especially that of clinical instruction. 

 His views on this subject were published in his pamphlet ' On Clinical 

 Instruction.' The defect therein signalised is still, we believe, one of 

 the chief defects in medical education in this country. It has been 

 remedied by the senate of the University of London, so far as regards 

 the medical graduates of that institution. 



Sir James Clark was created a baronet in 1838. He is a member of 

 some of the chief foreign societies, scientific and medical, and has 

 been chosen several times on the council of the Royal Society. In 

 addition to his other chums to distinction, it is well known that he 

 has taken a warm interest in sanitary reform, and has exerted his 

 influence to promote the hygienic measures for the improvement of 

 the public health, which now happily occupy the attention of govern- 

 ment as well as of the nation. The article ' Change of Air ' in the 

 ' Cyclopaedia of Prac. Med.,' 1832, and one or two minor publications 

 on medical reform, are from his pen. 



CLARK, WILLIAM TIERNKY, a civil engineer, was born at 

 Si. .11 House, Somersetshire, August 23, 1783. He was apprenticed 

 when very young to a millwright in Bristol, and followed tho ti . 

 even! veers in that city and at Colebrookdale. In 1808 ho removed 

 to London, and entered the service of the late Mr. Ronnie as draughts- 

 man; and held tho employment until 1811, when he was appointed 

 engineer of the West Middlesex Waterworks. The establishment was 

 at that time on a very small scale an engine of twenty-horse power 

 supplying the neighbouring hamlets from on insufficient reservoir, 

 yielding no profit to the company. J'.ut under Mr. Clark's advice the 

 works were enlarged, and he spared no exertion to render them com- 

 plete and effectual, until at last there were three pumping-engines of 

 tho aggregate power of 245 horses, and reservoirs capacious enough to 

 contain from 86 to 40 million gallon*, anil producing an annual rental 

 of nearly "(I.OOOt This post he retained for the rest of his life. 



In 1819 Mr. Clark undertook to complete the Thames and Med way 

 Canal, a work which had been stopped for want of capital, and under 



