KK. EDWABD DAXIKL. l.I-P. 



CLARKE, DR. SAMUEL. 



. when it U genuine, never fail* to give, or that anpwiority 

 to Tnlgar' prejudice* and to the affectation of display which is. we 

 belier*. the usoal aeooapanimaat of high attainment.. There is in 

 Dr. dark* a remarkable affectation of bringing forward the Oriental 

 learning be U understood to have possessed. He cannot keep it out 

 of the introduction to the 'Fosdera,' It appear* .till more atrangely 

 in hi* ' Lrres of the Wesley Family,' where ha labour, after au Arabic 

 etymon of the surname of Wealay, a word really formed according to 

 one of the iKmiimmiat analogies of our own language. In the tame 

 work b gives encouragement to the most vulgar and childish of the 

 popular superstition*. Bat while we make theae remarks, we with it 

 Sob* nnderatood that we regard Dr. Clarke as a person on whom it U 

 impoatible to look bat with very great resneet He wss in every sense 

 of the word a good man, and hi. life present* an initrnctive lesson of 

 reward* aad honour* attending useful Uboun and consistent virtuous 

 Mtfcm We may add alao that it shows bow the cultivation and encou- 

 ragement of the devotional .pint may be united with very vigorous 

 exertion in things which have but a alight connection with it 



We mn>t not omit to add two or three circumstances of his later 

 year*. While b* reaided in Lancashire the two Buddhist priests 

 whom Sir Alexander Johnston brought from Ceylon for instruction in 

 Christianity were placed in hi* f.mily ; he was the means of establish- 

 ing a MathodUt mission in the Shetland Islands ; and in 1831, a little 

 before hi* death, ha bad the satisfaction of establishing school* in the 

 province, of Ulster, the part of Ireland in which he was born. He 

 accumulated a good library, including many manuscripts, and had 

 formed a small mutenm of natural curiosities. From 1323, when ho 

 left Lancashire, Dr. Clarke resided at Haydon Hall in Middlesex, 

 about 17 mile* from London. He died of cholera, on the 26th of 

 August 1833. Hi* ' Miscellaneous Works' have been published in 

 13 vola. 12mo, London ; and a ' Life' by J. B. B. Clarke in 3 vols. Svo, 

 IBM. 



CLARKE, EDWARD DANIEL. LL.D., Ac., was descended from 

 a literary family, and born at Willingdon in Sussex on the 5th of June 

 1769. He received part of his early education in the grammar-school 

 of Tun' ride, at that time conducted by Dr. Vicesimus Knox, and 

 thence proceeded in 1786 to Jean* College, Cambridge. Having token 

 hi* degree, he wa* engaged by the Duke of Dorset in 1790 as tutor to 

 hi* nephew, Mr. H. Tufton, with whom in the Course of the following 

 year be made the tour of Great Britain. Clarke had always been fond 

 of books of travel, and this journey confirmed his passion, and led to 

 hi* fint essay in travel-writing. He published his journal, but without 

 hi* name, and wa* very soon ashamed of it The edition, which was 

 in 2 vols. Svo, with plates in aquatinta, is now extremely scarce. In 

 1791 be made a trip to Calais, and seems to have been delighted beyond 

 measure at putting his feet on foreign land. In the course of the 

 following year be engaged as a travelling companion to Lord Berwick, 

 with whom ha went through Franco, Switzerland, and Italy. He 

 returned to England at the end of 1793. In the course of the following 

 year be went again to Italy by the Rhine and the Tyrol, and returning 

 again to England ha was chosen fellow-elect of his college, a barren 

 honour without any emolument For want of a better occupation he 

 for some time thought aariously of joining the Shropshire militia, in 

 which ha was offered a lieutenancy : but in September 1794 he became 

 tutor in a distinguished Welsh family (that of Sir Thomas Mostyn), with 

 whom be resided aome time in Wales, where he made the acquaintance 

 of Mr. Pennant He was afterward* connected in the same manner 

 with the family of Lord Oxbridge, with a member of which ho made 

 the tour of Scotland and the Western Isle* in 1797. In all these 

 excursions b* kept journals, and practised himself in the art of 

 observing vcenes and object*, and describing them. About this time 

 be wss elected fellow of bis college, and being in addition appointed 

 bursar, he took up his residence at Cambridge at Easter, 1798. In 

 the spring of the following year he set out with Mr. Crippt, a young 

 man of fortune, on a tour to the countries north of the Baltic. This 

 journey, which was at first intended to occupy only six month*, wa* 

 continued through more than three yean and a half, during which 

 meat IT and pupil traversed Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Lapland, 

 Finland. Russia, Tortery, CircassU, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, part 

 of Egypt, Greece, Turkey in Europe, and finally returned from Con- 

 stantinople, across the Balkan Mountains, through Germany, France, 

 Ac., to England. In consequence of their donation* to the University 

 of Cambridge, and other merits, Clarke received tho degree of LL.D., 

 and Crippe that of M.A. Among their valuable donation* was a frag- 

 ment of a colon*! statue of the Eleusinian Ceres, of the beat period of 

 Grecian art Clarke was alao the means of securing for hi* country 

 the ancient sarcophagus, generally but incorrectly called that of 

 Alexander the Great, now in the British Museum. He made consider- 

 able eoUaetion* of medals, mineral*, aad rare plant* ; many of the latter 

 h* procured from Professor Pallas in the Crimea. The valuable 

 collection of manuscript* which be bad made during his travel* he 

 aotd to the Bodleian Library, Oxford. In 1807 ha began at Cambridge 

 a course of lecture* on mineralogy, which had become his favourite 

 subjJbt ; and at the and of the following year the university established 

 ranlar professorship of mineralogy in hi* favour. Having been 

 ordained in 1805. b* received the college living of Uarlton, and about 

 four year* later be obtained the living of Yeldham from Kir William 

 , wbuM daughter ha had married in 1606. From thi* time bis 



life was almost entirely passed at Cambridge or in its immediate 

 neighbourhood. In 1810 ha published the fin>t volume of hi* 'Travels;' 

 Jie second volume appeared in 1818, the third in 1814, the fourth in 

 1816, and the fifth in 1819. A concluding volume, edited by Robert 

 Walpole, was brought out after hi* death, making the sixth volume, 4to. 

 Hi* ' Travel*,' by which he is chiefly known, are the most popular of his 

 work*, and *re written in a style which invariably captivates the render, 

 full of enthusiasm, and gifted with a prolific imagination, he throws 

 a charm over all that be describes; but unfortunately his judgment 

 was not sufficiently formed by proper discipline, and neither his 

 observations nor hi* conclusions can always be relied on. Hi* essays 

 tnd experiments in physics chiefly appeared in Thomson's 'Annals of 

 I'hiloaophy,' which contain his accounts of the blowpipe, cadmium, 

 to. In 1803 he published ' Testimonies of different authors respecting 

 the colossal Statue of Ceres,' and in 1805 'A Dissertation on tho 

 Sarcophagus in the British Museum.' He died at Pall Mail, London, 

 on the 9th of March 1822, and was buried in Jesus College Chapel on 

 the 18th of the same month. (Life and Remairu of Edward Jfaniel 

 Clarkt, by the Rev. William Otter, M.A., 2 vols. Svo, London, 1 - 



CLARKE, DR. SAMUEL, was born in October, 1075, at Norwich, 

 where, at the free school, be was distinguished for his progress in 

 classical studies. He entered, in 1691, at Caius College, Canil 

 and applied with great success to the mathematics, under an able 

 tutor, Mr., afterwards Sir John Ellis. The text-book then used in the 

 university was a rugged Latin version of the treatise of Rohault, an 

 implicit follower of the Cartesian theory. Clarke, at the age of 

 twenty-one, after closely studying and justly appreciating the reason- 

 ings of Newton's ' Principia,' which bad then just appeared, published 

 a more classical version of the text of Rohault, with numerous crit ical 

 notes, added with the view of bringing the Cartesian system into 

 disrepute by exposing its fallacies. After passing through four editions 

 as the university text-book, it gave place, as Clarke desired, to the 

 adoption of undisguised Newtonian treatises. He now went through 

 a diligent course of biblical reading, in the original languages, in the 

 course of which he carefully studied the early Christian fathers. On 

 his ordination he wag introduced to Dr. More, bishop of Norwich, by 

 Whiston, whom he succeeded as domestic chaplain to that bishop for 

 twelve years. In 1699 be published three essays on Confirmation, 

 Baptism, and Repentance, together with Reflections on T. 

 ' Amyntor,' concerning the uncanonical Gospels. Two years after- 

 wards followed his ' Paraphrase on the Four Gospels,' which induced 

 Bishop More to present him with the living of Drayton, near Norwich. 

 In 1704 he was appointed to preach the Boylean lecture at Oxford, 

 when he chose for his subject ' The Being and Attributes of 

 The satisfaction which ho gave on this occasion led to his re-t 1 

 the following year, when he read a series of lectures on tho evidences 

 of natural and revealed religion. These discourses were arranged and 

 published as a continuous argument, and passed through several editions 

 with successive improvements. 



Clarke's mode of demonstrating the existence of God by a process 

 of reasoning from an d priori a.riom, is precisely that of Spino/..i, 

 against whom the argument of Clarke is especially directed. 1'oth 

 take the same point of departure, and agree that, since BOOH 

 does exist, something always has existed. They assert that tt 

 and immensity, time and space, or duration and extent (for each of 

 these pairs of terms is used without distinction), have always existed, 

 the conception of their non-existence being impossible. It is then 

 considered that, as these are only attributes or qualities, they must 

 necessarily imply a co-existent substance whose attributes they are : 

 a necessary and eternal ISeing is therefore acknowledged by both, l.ut 

 as to the nature of this Being they differ entirely. Spinoza, like some 

 of the Greek philosophers, concludes this eternal and necessary sub- 

 stance to be the universe itself, material and mental (rb TW), which 

 he declares to be the great and only God in whom we live, and move, 

 and have our being. (Compare the passage of Pope's 'Essay,' " All 

 are but ports of one stupendous whole," Ac.) Clarke asserts tlint thi 

 substance, of which duration and extent are the attributes, is on 

 Immaterial and spiritual Being; this metaphysical notion is pri.L.il.ly 

 derived from a passage in a scholium of Newton's ' Principia,' whore 

 it is said, " Durst (Deus) semper et adest ubique ; et, existendo 

 et ubique, durationcm a ijiatium conntiluit," Ac. Spinoza takes no 

 notice of design as evidence of intelligence; and Clsrke, in assigning 

 to bis personification of eternity and immensity certain moral attri- 

 butes in accordance with his metaphysical hypothesis, admits that 

 intelligence, in which lies all the difference between the Theists and 

 Atheists, cannot bo demonstrated by any reasoning <1 priori, but 

 must depend for proof on the <1 poitcriori evidence from ol 

 lion and induction (prop. 8.) According to bis premises, ho cannot 

 by logical sequence avoid landing himself on the same ground with 

 Spinoza. Numerous replies and objections to this d priori argu- 

 ment appeared at the time of its first publication. (See a list 

 in Kippis's ' Biog. Brit," and the correspondence between Butl.T, 

 afterwards bishop of Durham, and Clarke, printed at the end of 

 Bishop Butler's Works.) One of the principal was 'An Iii^iiiix 

 tho Ideas of Space, Time,' Ac., by Bishop Law. The most Bubtlo 

 scholastics, Albert, Aquinas, and Scotus, rejected the A priori proof as 

 an obvious petitio jirinn'/,ii, nnd many modern writer* regard the 

 performance of Clarke as a failure. Pope, who on several occasions 



