Hi 



CLAUDB, 



CLAUDIUS, ALBINUS. 



IX. oflfbred to Cora- it with piece* of cold. This picture, 



__ wr of 'Either and Ahaaoero*,' h ia BUd to have mentioned 



a* Us ba.1 production*. He n*d to tuk* drawing, of hi. picture, in 

 book, in order to ptwrent their beioj pirated. He left uz of thew 

 ncbten. which ba ailed hi* ' LIbri dTVerit. ; ' one of them, well 

 known by EariooT* engraving*, i. in the possession of the Duke of 



Hi* colooriur U rich, powerful, and brilliant ; bii tinU are varied 

 M in nature itaeif. Hit aerial perspective ia perfect; the fore-ground 

 ataoda oat with the force and brightness of an Italian sunshine; the 

 fl^T .. rcoedea clear and wide, till the blue hill* and blue sky meet 

 in harmotiioui oonlnut, or melt into the rich, warm, dewy atmosphere 

 of Horn*. Hi. architecture, if not Tory correct, ia light and fanciful, 

 and often charmingly mixed with foliage, which U graceful ami moving. 

 The water ripple, autl unduUtea in the tremulous light, or lira calm 

 and ghuar, with deepening shadow*. Hi* composition is a singular 

 union of freedom and strnmelry. If hi* landscape* have a fault, it is 

 that the graceful i* too invariably selected; a trifle of roughness, or 

 irregularity, would add to the interest of the picture. Rich and 

 varied aa i* hi* foliage, it mu*t be confessed that he is of leu inaccurate 

 in drawing the skeleton of hi* trees. HU figure* too are very poor ; 

 thia however he freely admitted, saying he sold the landscape and gave 

 away the figure*, a trait of modesty which seems in accordance with 

 hi* mild and amiable character. He left hi* property to two nephews 

 and a uieoa, hi* only surviving relation*. Host of the great galleries 

 of Europe poaaea* specimen*, more or lea* excellent, of the paintings 

 of Claude. England i* very rich in his work?. In the National 

 Ciallery there are ten of Cluude'i paintings, and some of them rank 

 among hi. fiuot work*. The gallery of the Earl of Qrosvenor, and 

 that of air. Mill* at Leigh Court, near Bristol, also contain some 

 famous tpecimeus of the works of this greatest of landscape-painters. 

 The Britith Museum possesses a good collection of Claude's drawing*. 



CLAUDE, JEAN, born in 1619, at Sauvetat, near Agen, was the 

 sou of a Protestant clergyman, and was himself brought up to the 

 Church. He distinguished Muisclf in controversial learning, and wag 

 appointed professor of theology in the Protestant college of Nisiucs, 

 which place be filled for eight years. At the end of this time, the 

 vexation* of the government authorities obliging him to abandon his 

 chair, he went to Paris, where he was soon after appointed to the 

 church of Cbarenton, in 1666. In this situation he showed himself 

 by his writings one of the ablest champions of the Protestant 

 doctrine*, an antagonist not unworthy of Bossuet, Arnauld, Nicole, 

 and other dutinguished Catholic divine*. In 1671 he published bis 

 Rvponse au Traiti! de la Perpltuitd de la Foi eur 1'Kucharistie,' 

 3 vol*. Svo. [ARXAULJX] In 1673 appeared his 'Defense de la 

 Reformation, ou Response aux Prejugds Icgitimes de Nicole.' In 

 1681 Claude bad a controversial conference with Bossuet, after which 

 he published ' Hcponse a U Conference de Bossuet' The conference, 

 as luual, led to no approximation between the contending parties. In 

 1685 the Revocation of the edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. obliged 

 Claude to aock refuge in Holland, where he was well received, on 

 account both of his talent* and hi* personal character, and the Prince 

 of Orange granted him a pension. He died not loug after, January 13, 

 1087, much regretted by hi* co-religionista as one of their ablest and 

 most eatimaUe advocate*. His ' Plaintes des Protestans cruellement 

 opprimc* dau* le Hoyaume de France ' was published after hi* death, 

 aa well a* other poethumou* works, chiefly on theological and contro- 

 versial subject* ; he left alao tome sermon*. His style though simple 

 was vigorous, being luitained by considerable logical skill and eru- 

 dition. Devcse wrote a biography of Claude, Amsterdam, 1687. His 

 pandaoo, Jean Jaoque* Claude, waa one of the earliest pastor* of the 

 Kronen Protestant Church in Threadneedle-street, London, and died 

 in ITli 



CLAUDIA'NUS, CLAU'DIUS, was born at Alexandria in Egypt, 

 A. i). 365. Though of a family originally Roman, his education waa 

 Greek ; and bo appear* to have written first in the Greek language. 

 Hi* work on the ' Antiquities of Tarsus' i* lost. Hi* first Latin verses 

 wen written during the consulship of 1'robinun, A.D. 395. In this 

 yrar be became a dependent of the regent Stilicho, guardian of the 

 two minor*, Arcadiu* and Uonoriua ; and in hi* poem* he sometimes 

 allude* to his soldier** life. Both Stilicho and his beautiful win- 

 Berens warmly befriended the poet, who repayed their kindness by no 

 stinted measure of praise. Clandian seems to have enjoyed all the 

 splendour and luxuries which the high station of Stilicho afforded ; 

 and b* either purchased or requited those indulgences by lavishing 

 ' eulogies on his patrons and bringing infamy and ridicule 



Tb most important favour for which bo was indebted to Serena 

 appear, to have been her awisting him to obtain a very wealthy bride. 

 The nuptial* war* celebrated at Alexandria, and it teems probable 

 that Cbudian and his wife soon after came to Italy. After the war 

 with Oildo be was honoured with a bronze statue, erected in the 



**a vu*v OM,uVf VI WWU, IU VUU 



forum of Tnjan, an honour which, as Gibbon (oh. 80) observes, be 

 _ ffladged aa a man who deserved it : the inscription which was cut 

 00 the itatue U still extant. (Orelli, 'Corpus Inscript,' vol. i., p. 259.) 



ackuowl 



\vm waiif Wsl |'t*j A UDLI IJ'b., VWaM M| |'. ftt/Vi ) 



The death of Stilicho (A.D. 408) waa soon followed by the ruin of 

 bis favourite. Hadrian, the successor of Stilicho, had formerly been 

 the subject of a satirical epigram ('Kpigr.,' 25, In some editions 80) 



of Claudian, and 1 j now began to watch for a favourable opportunity 

 of revenge. The particular* of Chuidian's death are not known ; but 

 it seems probable, though some recent scholars have doubted the 

 statement, that his attempts to conciliate Hadrian were ineffectual, and 

 that he finally fell a victim to his resentment. 



Claudian's poetical merits are considerable. He does not exc, -1 in 

 the chastised and severe beauties of the older poets whom he aspired 

 to imitate, nor i* he remarkable for great invention or a lofty imagi- 

 nation ; but in what may be called the picturesque style he is sur- 

 passed by none : he brings out the smallest detail* of a scone into a 

 vivid ana correct form, amplified and ornamented with all the graces 

 of diction. The most prosaic topic in his hands is invested with the 

 charms of poetry. An elegant and harmonious versification always 

 delight* bin reader. " In the decline of arts and of empire, a native 

 of Kgyi't, who had received the education of a Greek, assumed in a 

 mature age the familiar use and absolute command of the Latin Ian - 

 Kuage, soared above the heads of his feeble contemporaries, and placed 

 himself, after an interval of 300 years, among the poets of ancient 

 Rome." (Gibbon, ' Decline and Fall,' chap. 30.) 



Claudiau s principal poems are, 3 books ' Do Raptu Proserpina- ; ' 

 3 books 'De Laudibus Stilichonis ; ' 2 books ' In Kufiuutn ; ' 2 books 

 ' In Kutropium ; ' ' De Hello Getico;' 'De Hello Gildonico,' Ac. The 

 best editions are those of Gesncr and Burmaiiu. Claudian is included 

 in Weber's 'Corpus Poetarum Latiuorum,' Frankfurt, 1833. The 

 poems of Claudian were translated into English by A. Hawkins, Loud., 

 J vols. Svo, 1817. 



CLAU'DIUS, or CLODIUS, ALBI'NUS, a native of Adrumetum, 

 in Africa, served with distinction under Marcus Aurelitis and Corn- 

 modus in various parts of the empire; in Asia, iu Gaul, iu Germany 

 against the Frisians, and lastly ia Britain. When Avidius Caserns, 

 governor of Syria, revolted against M. Aurelius, Albiuus, who 

 mauded the troops in Bithyuia, checked the revolt which wits beginning 

 to spread among his soldiers. In consequence of this service he was 

 raised to the consulate, together with Pumpi-iauus, the emperor's son- 

 in-law, A.D. 176. When Septimius Sevtrus became suspect, 

 aspiring to the empire, Corninodus, with the view" of strengthening 

 himself, offered to Albinus, who was then commanding iu Britain, 

 where he had succeded Pertinax, the title of Caesar, which Albiuu-i 

 declined. After the assassination of Commodus and of his short-lived 

 successor Pertinax, Didius Julianus being made emperor by the 

 prcotorian guards of Rome, assumed the right of disposing of tin- 

 empire to the highest bidder, three commanders of the legions abroad 

 Albinus in Britaiu, Severus in Illyricum, and Pescennius Niger in 

 Syria stood forth to dispute this right by the corresponding argument 

 of the will of their own soldiers. Severus, who was the nearest to 

 Rome, marched upon the city, upon which the senate proclaimed him 

 emperor, aud the pnctorians made way for him by assassinating the 

 unfortunate Julianus. Severus while on Ms march had written to 

 Albums, proclaiming him Ctcsar, and adopting him ae his successor. 

 Thia time Albinus accepted the title, which he assumed publicly at 

 the bead of his legions; and the senate confirmed it, after th> 

 sion of Severus. But the new emperor having first overthrown 1:U 

 competitor Pescennius Niger, resolved to rid himself also of his 

 dubious associate Albinua ; who, having discovered his intenti 

 time, passed over into Gaul, where he waa proclaimed emperor, aud 

 strengthened himself by fresh recruits. Severus hurried from the 

 cast against this new enemy, and after several partial engagements a 

 great battle was fought near Lyon, in February A.D. 197, in which 

 Severus was worsted at first and wounded, according to Spai t 

 but succeeded iu rallying liis cavalry, with which he gained the \ i 

 The soldiers of Albinus having taken refuge withiu Lyou, that i-ity 

 was invested, stormed, and burnt, by the troops of Severus. Ali 

 according to Dion, killed himself, and his body was carried to S 

 who had the head cut oil' and taken to Rome, and the body thrown 

 into the Rhone. Severus, with his characteristic inhumanity, put to 

 death the wife and children of Albinus, aud ordered a geuei a 

 ecription of nil bis friends, who were numerous in Gaul and in Spain, 

 and even at Rome. Albinus appears to have been a man of coii.-idi-r- 

 able talents and information. He was a distinguished commander, 

 and had many partisans among the senators, but was harsh and even 

 cruel ia his military discipline: and ia s.-dd by CapitoliiuiH to have 

 been an enormous glutton. (Hcrodian, I 'ion, aud Spartianus; and 

 Julius Capitolinus iu the Jliitoria Auyiuta.) 



Coin of Clnuiliu. 

 I'.riti-h Museum. Actual .lie. Bronte. Weight 337 grain*. 



