S7I 



I IAYTOX. ROBERT. 



CLEMENCE, ISAURE. 



m 



l.im in his urduous course of eelf-lmpoeed Ubour, and Taxed at 

 President Tjler successively vetoing measures which h had succeeded 



to Persuading Concrete to adopt, he took a formal leave of tho scene 

 of I.U prolonged Ubour. and triumphs la a speech which prodooed a 

 powerful tmpreaeion oo the senate and on tho country. It wai gene- 

 rally felt that the veteran .UUwnan had scarcely been treated by hit 

 countrymen M his) long an.l ou the whole unquestionably popular courte 

 of public Mrrio* daestfad. It wai acknowledged by hi. party that 

 in tlMir presidential conventions tha hooourabla claimi of their really 

 graat man had bato tat aside, and tha eoTated honour bestowed on 

 ohteore mediocrity. Jurtioe to Clay ' wai adopted ai a rallying cry, 

 and in tha shotted of 1844 ha wai put in nomination and itipported 

 by tha full atrvngth of hit party. I'.ut thu time the majority wu on 

 tha other riJa, and Polk waa elected. Clay remained in retirement 

 - 1 9, whan ha WB again returned to the senate, To lain waa due 

 tha fuuoiu slavery 'CompromiM Act ' of 1850, which for a brief space 

 quieted tha bitter ttrifa which tha queation of sUvery had enkindled 

 hi tha union. Bat it only for tho moment allayed the atorm ; and 

 Clay lived long enough to perceive that a* a permanent measure his 

 project waa a failure. He had laboured beyond his strength in 

 endeavouring to reconcile the irreconcilable, and now he longed only 

 for rest But his was not to be a reat on earth. He resigned his 

 office aa aenator, but before the day named for his resignation to take 

 effect, ha had eeaaed to lira. He died June 29, 1852, aged seventy- 

 fire. Ha waa buried with unusual pomp. In the chief towns of 

 Kentucky erery external honour was paid to his memory. At New 

 York buiinras was suspended in the city, the shops were closed, and 

 the shipping carried their flags half-mast high during the day. Henry 

 Clay was undoubtedly a man of jwwerful intellect, but he will hardly 

 retain the rank which his contemporaries too readily assigned him. 

 Ha waa wanting in comprehensiveness. His viewa were at best too 

 strictly national, and, as in the case of the protective tariff, and in his 

 general foreign policy, he too readily took for granted that what 

 aaemtil to give an advantage to his countrymen wag really for their 

 benefit in the Urge view of things. As an advocate he had few rivals ; 

 bis legal learning wu but small. Clay was in a word a thoroughly 

 able politician ; he is not likely to take permanent rank among the 

 gieat statesmen of America. 



CLAYTON, ROBERT, Bishop of Clogber, was born at Dublin in 

 1(95, and educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Dublia 

 Ho waa successively appointed to the sees of Killala, Cork, and Clogher 

 (holding the two latter together), although his orthodoxy seems to 

 have been very doubtful from his first entrance into the Church. His 

 preferment was owing to a lady who was connected with his family 

 by marriage Mrs. Clayton, afterwards Lady Sundon, who was one of 

 Quean Carolina's chamber-women : his shameless eagerness for pre- 

 ferment, the intensely selfish worldly character of the man, and the 

 degrading condition of ecclesiastical affairs at that period, are made 

 painfully evident in the correspondence published iu the so-called 

 Memoirs of Viscountess Sundon,' 2 vols., 1847. Clayton's first 

 published work was ' An Introduction to tho History of the Jews.' 

 This was followed by "The Chronology of the Hebrew Bible vindi- 

 cated,' published in 1747; 'A Dissertation on Prophecy,' in 1749; and 

 An Easay on Spirit,' 1751 : this essay, which was full of tho notions 

 contained in what is called the Arian heresy, gave great offence to the 

 Church, and prevented his being promoted to tho archbishopric of 

 Tuam. There is some doubt whether Clayton was really the author 

 of it, but he aoou avowed all the sentiments which it contained, and 

 ma more, in his ' Vindication of the Old and New Testament, in 

 antw*r to the Objections of the late Lord Bolingbroke, in Two Letters 

 to a Young Nobleman,' which was published at different periods in 

 three separate part*. 



On the 2nd of February 1756, he made a motion iu the Irish House 

 of Lords for the expunging of both the Athanasian and Niocan creeds 

 from tho Liturgy. The motion, which did not find a single supporter 

 la the House, created a violent atorm at court and out of doors ; and 

 when ha renewed hu attack in tha following year, in the third part of 

 his ' Vindication of the Old and New Testament,' Ac,, it burst upon 

 bis head. The king instructed the lord-lieutenant to bring on a legal 

 prosecution of tha bishop, but before the day fixed for the opening of 

 the proceedings be was carried off by a nervous fever. He died 

 February 20, 1758. Besides the works already mentioned, Bishop 

 Clayton published ' A Journey to Mount Sinai and back again,' from 

 a manuscript written by the Prefect of Egypt, in company with the 

 missionaries of the Propaganda ; to which are added some ' Remarks 

 on tha Origin of Hieroglyphics, and the Mythology of tha Ancient 

 Heathens.' His writings are poor in substance, weak in thought, 

 clumsy In structure, and if they ever had any value it has long since 

 nateed away. Clayton bore the character of being a generous and 

 benevolent man, and his charities were frequently well directed. 



CLEAN TUBS (KAbe>i) was the successor of Zcno of ('ilium in 

 the Stole school, and was himself succeeded by his pupil Chrysippus. 

 A. Zeno died in B.C. 263 or 25, tha period of Cleaothea is approxi- 

 mative^ determined by that fact. rzixo of CitiumO Cleanthes waa a 

 native of Asaus in tha Troad, and originally a boxer. He came to 

 Athens with four drachma: (about 3j.) in his pocket, and began to 

 attend the lecturea of Zeno. As he bad to pay his toacher a small fee, 

 and at the same time to gain hw livelihood, he used to draw water for 



the gardens about Athens in the night, and also grind com. There is 

 a story that he waa brought before the Areopagus in order to show 

 what his means of subsistence were, and he proved that he was an 

 honest man by producing as witnesses the gardener and the mealman 

 for whom he worked, whereupon the Areopagus voted him a present 

 of ton mine, which however Zeno would not allow him to receive. 

 Ten mime seems rather a large sum for the Areopagus to vote on such 

 occasion ; and it is not said whether they had a fund for remune- 

 rating persons who were brought before them on groundless charges. 

 Cleanthea attended the lessons of Zeno for nineteen years. He was 

 slow of comprehension, but very laborious, whence he cot the name 

 of the second Hercules. Though he did not learn quick, he kept 

 wh.it he got He was a copious writer : a list of his numerous 

 treatises is preserved by Diogenes Loertius. Nothing is kuown of his 

 works, except that we may collect that he indulged in the subtleties 

 of discussion ; but it does not appear that he did much towards the 

 i \tivi-ion or improvement of the Stoic doctrines : that was done by 

 his pupil Chrysippus. But the stern character of Cleanthes was web 

 adapted to give stability to the doctrines of Zeno. The story of bis 

 death is characteristic. He hod a swelling in his jaw, and at the 

 advice of physicians he abstained from food, and the complaint began 

 to abate. The physicians told him that he might now take his usual 

 food, but he remarked that ho had already gone a good part of the 

 journey, and so he continued fasting till he died, at the age of eighty, 

 or of ninety-nine, according to Lucian and Valerius Maximus, 



Cleanthes is tho author of a hymn to Jupiter in Greek hexameters, 

 which was first published by Fulvius Ursinus, at the end of the 

 'Fragments of the Nine Illustrious Women and of the Lyric I'o.'U,' 

 Antwerp, 1568, 8 vo. It is printed in Cud worth's 'Intellectual Sys- 

 tem,' with a Latin poetical version by Duport The last edition is 

 by Coraes, in hia edition of the ' Enchiridion of Epictetus,' Paris 

 1826, 8vo. 



The hymn of Cleanthes has always been a favourite with Christian 

 philosophers ; but the true understanding of it, in Bitter remarks, can 

 only be reached by looking at it from the Stoical point of view. 



(Diogenes Laertius, Cleanlhei; Fabricius, liilliolh. Grac., iii. B50; 

 Hitter, (,'ttfhichte der Philotophie, iii. 521.) 



CLEI'STHKNES, an Athenian, one of the family of the Alcm.vo- 

 niJic, was grandson of Cleisthenes, the tyrant of Sicyon. After the 

 expulsion of the Pisistratida: (B.C. CIO) he changed his line of politics, 

 and headed the democratical parly : the opposite faction was con- 

 ducted by Isagoras. Cleisthenes soon obtained tho favour of the 

 people, and the sanction of an or.icle from Delphi enabled him to 

 effect changes in the constitution of Attica which were produi-' 

 very important results. The four tribes into which Attica had 

 anciently been distributed garo place to a division altogether new. 

 He made ten tribes, called severally from tho name of Borne hero : 

 each tribe contained a given number of demi (Sijfim), or townships, 

 which were under the direction each of a demarch (township- 

 governor). Every citizen was obliged to have his name enrolled in 

 the register of some township. Many other changes were also effected. 

 The senate was increased from 400 to 500; 50 were sent by each 

 tribe. The process of ostracism is said to have been first formally 

 established by Cleisthenes. The Spartan king Cleoinenes, acting on 

 the suggestions of Isagoras, insisted on the expulsion of Cleisthenes 

 and the accursed persons. (Herod., v. 70.) CleUthenes left Athens 

 (Herod., v. 72), but waited a favourable opportunity for prosecuting 

 his schemes. Seven hundred families were banished at the same time. 

 (Herod., v. 72.) When Cleomenes and Isagoras were besieged in the 

 citadel which they had occupied, and were forced to capitulate, they 

 left Athens with the Spartan troops, and Cleisthenes, with the seven 

 hundred families, returned in triumph. (Thirlwall, Greece, vol. iu 

 pp. 78-80; Niebuhr, Rome, vol. ii. p. 305, &c., Eng. transl) 



CLE'MENCE, ISAURE, a French poetess, born near Toulouse, but 

 at what time has been a matter of much dispute. Tho first known 

 writer who spoke of her is Quillaume IJenoit, a jurist of tho fifteenth 

 century, who says that she instituted the floral games, " jeux lloratix," 

 at Toulouse, which were held yearly on the 1st of Hay, and that she 

 instituted prizes for those who distinguished themselves in various 

 kinds of poetry. The prizes were a gold violet, a silver eglantine, and 

 a gold souci or marigold. This distribution of prices continued till 

 the Revolution. The capitouls or echevins of Toulouse distributed 

 the prizes, on which occasion au eulogium was recited in memory of 

 Clemcnce Isaurc, and her statue in tho Hotel de Ville was crowned 

 with flowers. In 1627, Etienne Dolet, a writer and printer at Lyon, 

 who was hanged and burnt for heresy in 1546, wrote an eulogium of 

 Clemence in Latin verse, with the title, ' Do Muliera quAdam qun 

 Ludos literarios Tolosto constitute' These writers were followed by 

 numerous others, and among them De Thou and the Prc 

 !' rthiiT, who wrote about Clemence, and placed her existence in the 

 14th century. Catel however in his 'Memoires du Languedoc,' ex- 

 pressed doubts on tho subject, and treated tho existence of Clemenco 

 as fabulous. Dom Vaissette, 'Histoire du Languedoc,' supports the 

 personality of Clemence, and her foundation of the prizes, as proved 

 by tradition, instruments, and public documents in the Hotel de Ville 

 of Toulouse. In 1775 a Memoir appeared, in which Clemence Isaure 

 is stated to have lived in the latter half of the 15th century. This 

 controversy seems to have originated in having attributed to Cleracnce 



