1 1 noon i. 



n.KMENT V. 



m 



h. apparently wroU it ID UM 6nt book be deaconls upon UM utility 

 of phUoo|by, and conclude* by MMrtiog, by tho help of chronology 

 and quoUUuns, that tho philosophy contained in UM wared book* of 

 the Hebrew* was tb* most Metal, and that other nations had borro wed 



much from iU In the xoood h treat* of faith, tin, and repentance ; 

 b* aatcrU the frre will of uian, condemn* licentiousneat, commend* 

 lawful maniaf* with on* wif* and on* alone. In tho third he continues 

 the preceding iubjct, condemn. the incontinence of the NicoUite*. 

 VaUnUniana, and other early heretic*. and whilit .peaking with great 

 praise of virginity, defend* marriage against the Marcionites. lie say. 

 the .poet)** Peter tad Philip were married and had children. In the 

 fourth book ho treat* of Christian iwrtoction and martyrdom, exhorting 

 tb* Christian* to submit to death for the lore of Qod and of Christ 

 Perfection b* plao** in the precept of loving Qod and our fellow- 

 creature*. In the fifth he shuns that the method of speaking b; 

 figure* and symbol* i* very ancient, both among the Hebrews and the 

 Qteek* ; the Greek*, he says borrowed most of the truth* they hare 

 written from those whom they called barbarians, and especially from 

 the Jew*. This book i* full of quotation* from ancient poets and other 



writer*. In the sixth and seventh books he sketches the portrait of a 

 true Gnostic, a term which with him is synonymou* with that of a 

 perfect Christian. It is a complete model of moral conduct. He 

 combat* the reproach of the Greeks about the division* and schiams 

 Tirrti"c among the Christian*. He say* that schisms will nrise in any 

 community ; that they were foretold by Christ; that they had existed 

 among the heathen* and the Jew*; that the way to ascertain the 

 truth ia to consult tbo Scriptures, and the whole Scriptures, and not 

 merely some part* of them, and to follow the tradition of the church ; 

 that there is only one universal church, older than all heresies, that it 

 began under Tiberius, and was promulgated all over the world under 

 Nero, while the older heresies date only from the reign of Hadrian. 

 Ho then recapitulate* the subject of hi* seven books, and promises to 

 begin the next by a new subject. The eighth book, as we have it in 

 our editions, differs altogether fruin the rest, being n treatise on logic. 

 Photius, in hi* ' Bibliotheca,' says, that in some editions in hi* time 

 the eighth book of the 'Suromateia' consisted of the treatise 'Can a 

 rich man be saved ?' which however is generally placed as a distinct 

 work, after the eight book* of the ' Stromateis.' This treatise has also 

 been published separately, with a copious and learned commentary by 

 a professor of Utrecht. ' Clemeuti* Alexandrini liber : Quia dive* 

 salutem consequi possit, perpetuo Commeutario illustratus a C. See- 

 gario,' 181(5. Among the works of Clemens which are lost was the 

 ' Uypotyposei*,' or Commentaries on various parts of the Scriptures, 

 in eight books, mentioned by Photius, who quotes several passages, and 

 severely condemns it a* heretical (Photius among the ' Testimonial 

 at the beginning of Clemens' works, Potter's edition.) This seems 

 nther strange, a* the other work* of Clemens have been esteemed 

 perfectly orthodox, and greatly commended by Euscbius, Jerome, and 

 other ancient fathers, with the exception perhaps of one or two obscure 

 paseages concerning the nature of Christ and original sin. The errors 

 however ascribed to the ' HypotyposeU,' may be accounted for in 

 some manner by the supposition that it wa* an earlier work of Clemens, 

 written before he was properly instructed in tho Christian doctrine*, 

 and while he wa* still much imbued with hi* Platonic philosophy. 

 Upon the whole Clemens is more of a Christian philosopher and 

 inonlut, than a professor of dogmatic theology. Some believe that 

 the ' Excerpt* CI Scriptis Theodoti et Doclriua qua: Oriontalis vocatur,' 

 which appear at the end of Clemen*' works a* well a* some other 

 fragment*, are extract* from hi* ' Hypotyposei*.' He also wrote 

 several treatises, ' De Pascha,' 'De Jejunio,' <De Obtrectatione,' c., 

 which are loit. Clemens' work* were published, with a Latin tr.iuxl.i- 

 tion, by J. Potter, 2 voU. folio, Oxford, 1715 ; and aho at Wurzburg, 

 3 vol*. 8vo, 1780. There are several other editions of the whole or of 

 separate 1 work* : the latest perhaps U that of Cailleau, voL iv. of thu 

 CollacUo select* Si Keel. 1'atrum,' Paris, 1827. 



CLEMENT I., or CLEMENS ROMA'NUS, succeeded Anacletus as 

 Ki-bop of Rome in the latter part of the first century of our era. The 

 chronology of the early bishop* of Home ha* been the subject of much 

 controveny. One of the earliest authorities Ireweus, bishop of Lyon, 

 who lived in the Utter part of the 2nd century, says that " when the 

 Messed apostle*. P^ter and 1'uul, had founded and established the 

 church at Home, they delivered the office of the bishopric iu it to 

 Una*. To him succeeded Auacletus, after whom, in the third place 

 after the apostles, Clement obtained that bishopric, who had seen the 

 blewed aportle*, and convened with them ; who bad the preaching 

 of the sjiontlrs still sounding in hi* ears, and their tradition* before 

 U* eye*. Nor he alone, for there were still many alive who had been 

 taught by the apostles. In the time therefore ot thu Clement, when 

 there wa* no small dissension among the brethren at Corinth, tho 

 church at liome ont a moat excellent letter to tho Corinthian*, par- 

 iia ling them to peace among themselves," Ac, This i* the opistlo 

 which i* ancribed to Clemen* llomanus, by Clemen* Alexandriuus. 

 Origcn, Eiuebius, Jerome, and other ancient fathers as having been 

 written by him in the name of the Church of Rome to that of Corinth, 

 and which wa* often read in the time of Eusebiu* in the churches 

 after the goroela, on account of tho excellent precepts which it contains. 

 Kut-biui (' Hiit. Ec., 1 iii. 13) lays that Cli-m. nt iiiccerdeil Ancncletux, 

 or Auclelu*, in tho twelfth year of Domitian (A.D. 02;, and that hu 



died in the third year of Trajan (A.U. 100), having been bishop nine 

 year*. After mentioning hi* epistle to tho Corinthians, Eusobiu* say* 

 that another epiatle was also ascribed to him by some, but wa* not 

 generally received as genuine; and that "there had been published 

 not long since other large and prolix work* in hi* name, containing 

 dialogue* of Peter and Apion, of which the ancients had not made the 

 least mention." Eusebius wrote at the beginning of the 4th century ; 

 and Jerome, who lived half a century later, repeats and confirms the 

 remark of Eusebius. The first epistle of Clement, which was written 

 in the name of the Church at Rome to that of Corinth, ' Dei Eccleaia 

 qua} Roma peregrinatur Eocleaue Dei qua Coriuthi peregrinatur,' and 

 was occasioned by a schism which had broken out at Corinth among 

 the Christiana, is full of sound and charitable advice. It consists of 

 fifty-nine chapters, and is one of the most interesting memorials of the 

 primitive church. The second epistle, supposed also to bo Clement's, 

 is only a fragment, containing likewise moral and religious advice ; but 

 it breaks off abruptly in the middle of the twelfth chapter, and tin-re 

 is no evidence of its being written to thu Corinthians. It is thought 

 by Keander to be rather a portion of a sermon than of an epUtle. 

 Whether it is by Clement or some subsequent writer is uncertain. 

 Doth epistles were found at the end of the New Testament iu a 

 manuscript brought from Alexandria, and were published by Patrick 

 Juuius, 'Saudi Clementis liomaui ad Corinthios Eputolaj du:u 

 expressa; ad fidem MS. Cod. Alexandrini,' Oxford, 1633 ; and again by 

 H. Wootton, Cambridge, 1718. A long account of Clement's life, 

 pilgrimages, and martyrdom, has been made out by Gregory of Tours, 

 Nieephorus, and others, entitled ' Acta S. dementi*,' and adopted by 

 Baroiiius ; but it is considered doubtful even by most orthodox Roman 

 Catholics. It is not quite certain that Clement suffered martyrdom. 

 He it said by some to have been exiled from Rome, and to have died 

 in the Chersonesus Taurica ; but this is also contested by others, and 

 apparently with sufficient reason. Clement was succeeded in the see 

 of Rome by Evaristus. Several other works have been attributed to 

 Clement which are evidently apocryphal, such as eight books of In.-ti- 

 tutiones or Coustitutioues, &c. (Tillemont, ' Hduioire* pour 1'Hist. 

 do 1'Eglise,' vol. ii. ; Du 1'in, ' Bibl. des Auteurs Eccles. ;' Neander, 

 ' Genetisclie Eutwickelung,' Ac.) \Vetstein published two more eputles 

 attributed to Clement, which he found at the end of a Syriac version 

 of the New Testament : they are chiefly in praise of virginity, and are 

 regarded as spurious. The ' Epistles of Clement ' have been frequently 

 reprinted. Perhaps the most convenient recent edition is that of 

 Hefele, reprinted in England with an introduction by A. Greufell, 

 M.A., 1841. 



One of the oldest churches at Rome on the Caslian Mount is dedi- 

 cated to St. Clement ; but it is not quite certain whether it was built 

 in honour of the bishop, or of FLAVIUS CI.EUKNT, the martyr, with 

 whom the other has been often confounded. Flavius Clement was 

 cou.-iu to Domitian, aud his colleague iu the consulship (A.U. 9,~i), and 

 was put to death by order of that emperor on a charge of impii :y 

 towards the gods, which ia understood to menu that he belon. 

 the Christian communion. His wife, Domitilla, was exiled on the 

 same charge to Paudatario, Flavius Clemens is numbered among the 

 martyrs by the earliest ecclesiastical historians. The old church, 

 which is believed to have been built in the 6th century, Ml to ruins, 

 and was taken down by Adrian I. towards the end of the bth ceiitin > , 

 and rebuilt by Nicholas I. in the 9th. In the year 1725, Cardinal 

 Aunilialc Albani having made excavations under the great altar of 

 St. Clement's, found a tomb with an inscription to Flavius Clemens, 

 martyr. A full account of it, with a dissertation, WHS published : 

 ' Titi Flavii Clementis Viri Couauhiris et Marty ris Tumulus Ulustratus,' 

 Urbino, JT'JT. 



CLEMENT II. (Suidger, bishop of Bamborg), succeeded Gregory VI. 

 in the papal chair iu 1046, and after crowning the emperor, Henry HI., 

 died October 7, 1017, and was succeeded first by Benedict IX., who 

 had been previously deposed by tho council of Sutri, aud who was 

 again obliged to abdicate; and lastly by Damasus II. 



CLEMENT III., a native of Kome, succeeded Gregory VIII. in 

 1188. He summoned a crusade against the Saracens, in which tho 

 emperor, Frederick I., Richard of England, and Philip of I 

 embarked. He died after little more than three years' pontificate in 

 March 1191. He wa* succeeded by Celestiue III. 



There was also an an ti pope, or competitor, of the celebrated 

 Gregory VII., who assumed the name of Clement III. from 1080 to 

 1101, iiut he is not numbered among the legitimate popes. 



CLEMENT IV., a native of St. Gilles, in Languedoc, succeeded 

 Urban IV. iu 1265. He showed the same inflexible hostility as his 

 predecessor against the Suabian dynasty of Naples, aud assisted 

 , Charles of Aujou in the conquest of that kingdom, which was accom- 

 plished by thd defeat and Heath of Manfred nt tho battle of La Gran- 

 ii. ll.i, neat- Ilcnovcuto. Cli.irKu in rcturu acknowledged hiuisolf at his 

 coronation as feudatory of the see of Home, aud agreed to pay tribute. 

 Conradin, Manfred's nephew, having attempted to recover his heredi- 

 tary kingdom, was defeated by Charles at Ta^liacozzo, and beheaded 

 in the market-place at Naples, with tho approbation of Clement, us it 

 was reported. A mouth after Conradin's execution, <'lcuu-nt himself 

 died, in November 1268. HU death was followed by an interregnum 

 of about, two years, after which the cardinals elected Gregory X. 



CLKMIiNT V., a Frenchman, and Archbishop of Bordeaux, sue- 



