CLKMKNT XII. 



CLEOMBROTOS 1L 



i were irrej-rowhable. He WM moderate in providing for UM 



Mai***, who owed tbrir elevation more to bit tuooMort than to 

 He embellished Rooir, and established the Calcojrsfia 



to UM world many spUadid ongravinK*; 

 he introduced at Ron* the 



hMliaee given to t 

 4k* a*4 *sw taVMaiiA. 



wBV VI *WWssiW^ 



He added to 



Ok* Vatican librar>, and to UM museum which U annexed to it; and 

 be rrtnmi-H moa of Utters and of science. A flue edition of his 

 4o*r<aU. bulls, aad uiuttllaltmi*, WM published by his nephew, 

 Gardiaal Aanibak Albani. after bit death. ' BuUarium dementis XL,' 

 1 voL, fal He wrote also several Latin homilies, which he recited 

 oa Mima festivals, and which wen translated into Italian by 



CLKMKST XII. (Loreaso Corsini, of Florence) succeeded Benedict 

 XIII. in July 1730. He WM then seventy nine years of g, and infirm. 

 Be rreumed UM old contest with UM empire about tho reversion of the 

 lta*bl*i of Parma and Piaoansa, bat succeeded no bettor than his 

 liliiiiiia* He endravourrd, and also in vain, to mediate in the 

 war bstwwa the republic of Genoa and the Coniean*. He succeeded 

 better fa restoring, in 1740, the little republic of San Marino to it* 

 bbrrtiM, which bad been encroached upon by Cardinal Alberoni. He 

 died soon after, in 1740. and WM succeeded by Benedict X I V. 



CLEMENT XIII. (Carlo Rcnonioo). a native of Venice, succeeded 

 Bsatdiet XIV. in July 17(8. He WM more distinguished for his piety 

 aad private virtue* than for political abilities or knowledge of the 

 world. Hi* pontificate WM a continual, but on hi* part ineffectual 

 aragXM to uphold UM ecclesiastical immunities and the old pre- 

 rogativ** of UM *M of Rome against the determination of the other 

 power* to be complete masters in their respective countries. He 

 strove hard to rapport the Jesuit*, who had become obnoxious to 

 various courts, and who were suddenly suppressed in Portugal, Spain, 

 France, and Naples. In their distress, most of the expelled father* 

 ought an asylum in the Papal State*, and found in Clement a 

 generous protector. All the remonstrance* and threats of France and 

 Spain could not induce him to abolish the order, which he considered 

 M the firmest support of the Roman see. The King of France seized 

 upon Avignon, and the King of Naples upon Benevento; still the 

 pope held firm till his death. The Venetian senate, by a series of 

 5*Mu passed in September 1768, enforced numerous reforms in eccle- 

 siastical discipline in their own dominions, subjected the clergy to the 

 payment of tithe*, suppressed some convent*, placed the rest under 

 "a* with regard to their property and the number of their 

 and subjected all ecclesiastics to the jurisdiction of the 

 ' courts in temporal matters, dement strongly remonstrated 

 innovations : he threatened excommunication, but the 

 ted in its resolutions. He also came to a rupture with 

 UM republic of Genoa, because be had sent an apostolic vicar into 

 Cornea, which WM then in a state of revolt against the Genoese. The 

 KUetor of Bavaria, about the same time, declared that none but his 

 own subjects should hold benefice* within his dominions. Maria 

 Tbereaa made similar enactments in her own states, and she took 

 away UM censorship of books from the ecclesiastical authorities, and 

 gave it to the secular magistrates. Tuscany, Parma, and Naples sup- 

 pressed convents, and checked the practice of donations and legacies 

 to IBM church. In the midst of all these blows against the papal 

 authority, Clement died in February 1769. A splendid mausoleum 

 WM raised to him by Pin* VL in St. Peter's church, which is much 

 admired, especially for iu statue of the pope kneeling at prayers, and 

 UM two lion* couching at the foot of the monument It was one of 

 UM earlier, and among the beat works of Caoova, who was employed 

 eight year* upon it. 



CLEMENT XIV. (Oian Vincenzo Ganganelli) WM born at Sanf 

 Angara In Vado, near Rimini, in 1705. At an early age he entered 

 the order of Kraociscana, distinguished himself by his learning, was 

 favourably notified and employed by Benedict XIV., and wo* made a 

 cardinal by Clement XIIL, whom he succeeded in May 1769, after a 

 stormy conclave, which lasted two months. He adopted a conciliating 

 too* toward* the foreign powers, which at the death of bis prede- 

 osesor wart on UM eve of an open rupture with Rome. He discon- 

 tinued UM public reading of the bull in Coma Domini, which was 

 considered offensive to the sovereigns. The great question which at 

 that time agitated the Roman Catholic world WM the definitive 

 abolition of the order of the Jesuits. Ganganelli took several years 

 to decide on this important subject, sud at last, on the 21st of July 

 1778, be bened the boll of suppression. About Easter 1774, Clement 

 en dangerously ill, under suspicious symptoms, lingered a few 

 aad died 32nd of September 1774 ; but the post mortem 

 of hi* body and the report of the physician* did not 

 the suspicion that he had died of poison. Ganganelli 

 WM a man of enlightened mind. He bad a taste for the art* ; he con- 

 tinued the collection of antique sculpture* begun by Lambfrtini, and 

 ranged them in a suite of room* in the Vatican, which WM called the 

 CUmeotine Miueum, and WM afterward* greatly enlarged by hi* sue- 

 eoseor. Pin* VI., when it received the name of Musco Pio-Clementino. 

 He added also to the Vatican library. A fine monument, the work of 

 Caoova, WM raised to him in the church of B. Apostoli, which 

 belonged to a convent of his order. The letters published by Carao- 

 oioll under UM name of OanganelU are now generally understood to be 



Clement XIV. WM simple in his habits, free from 

 ambition, aad not given to nepotism. 



CI.KM I.NTI, MIT/IO, who is justly entitled to rank as the father 

 of the piano-forte school, both M regards oompohition snd perform- 

 ance, was born iu 1752, at Rome, where his father practised M au 

 mborrer of silver figures and vases for the service of the church. At 

 nine yeirs of age he had made so much progress iu music under 

 Cordicelli that he paved a close examination, and WM appointed to 

 an organist's place in his native city. He afterwar.is studied under 

 Santenlli and Carpani, and wrote a mass for four voices when in his 

 thirteenth year. About that time hi* talents attracted the notice of 

 Mr. Peter Beekford, an English gentleman then travelling in Italy, 

 who undertook the future education of the young artist, and brought 

 him to bis seat in Dorsetshire, where the society of a literary and 

 accomplished family inspired him with that taste for the belles-lettres 

 which encouraged him to pursue a course of study that had been well 

 commenced under a member of the Society of Jesus, and to acquire 

 an extensive knowledge of the learned and living languages, M well as 

 of various branches of science. But he steadily pursued the studies 

 proper to the art which he had chosen M his profession ; the works of 

 Handel and Sebastian Bach being in particular madn the subject of 

 close investigation, while he did not neglect the practice of compo- 

 sition, having, before he had completed bis eighteenth year, composed 

 his celebrated Opera 2 : " a work which, in the opinion of all good 

 musicians, is the basis on which tho whole fabric of modern piano- 

 forte sonatas has been founded." 



At the time agreed on by bis father, Clementi quitted Mr. Beekford. 

 He shortly after was engaged to preside at the harpsichord at the 

 King's Theatre, and soon was actively and lucratively employed as a 

 master of the first rank. In 1780 he made a tour on the continent, 

 whither his fame hod lou? preceded him, and enjoyed everywhere the 

 highest patronage and the most flattering applause. In Vienna he 

 made the acquaintance of Haydn, Mozart, &c., and played alternately 

 with the latter before the emperor Joseph II. and other royal per- 

 sonages. While in Palis he wrote his Operas 5 and 6 ; and in Vienna 

 his Operas 7, 8, 9, and 10 were composed. On his return to England 

 he published his Opera 11, and ' Toccata,' M well as his Opera 12. In 

 1783, J. B. Cramer, who hod previously studied under Abel and 

 Schncter, became his pupil, and attended him almost daily. 



About the year 1800, having suffered considerably by the failure of 

 the house of Longman and Broderip, he was, by the advice of soino 

 eminent mercantile friends, induced to take possession of the premises 

 of those partners, to embark in the music publishing and piano-forte 

 manufacturing business, and become the head of a new firm, from 

 which time ho declined all pupils, and devoted himself wholly to bis 

 new, important, and successful occupation. But the peace of 1S02 

 tempted him abroad again, and, accompanied by his pupil, Field, he 

 proceeded from city to city till he reached St. Petersburg, where he 

 mode some stay. In Berlin he married, and with bis bride proceeded 

 to Rome and Naples. He shortly after lost his wife in childbed of a 

 son, who grew up to be his father's pride and solace, but unhappily 

 lost his life by the accidental discharge of his own pistol. In 1S10 

 Mr. Clementi, after encountering many difficulties in his attempts to 

 reach England during the fiercest period of tho renewed war, arrived 

 in London, and shortly after again married. During his last visit to 

 the continent he published his Opera 41, and collected materials for 

 many other works which subsequently appeared, among which his 

 ' Practical Harmony,' in 4 volg., and bis ' Gradus ad Poruassum,' iu 

 3 vols. must not be left unnoticed. 



In 1813 Mr. Clementi assisted iu founding the Philharmonic Society, 

 of which he frequently consented to act as a director, and presented 

 to it his two symphonies, which were more than once performed by 

 that admirable bond. Both these symphonies abound in agreeable 

 melody, and are most skilfully written ; but the real vigour of the 

 composer's genius is exhibited in his piano-forte works, which are rich 

 and classic iu style, and in the purest taste, but are sometimes charged, 

 especially now that a different style is in the ascendant, with a certain 

 want of animation. His sonatas number over 600, divided into 32 

 opera; ; and he wrote also, besides his symphonies, some overtures. 



After on illness of no long duration, Mr. Clementi died on tho 

 1 Oth of March 1 832. His remains wore deposited in the cloisters of 

 Westminster Abbey, and attended to the grave by the choir of that 

 church, of the King's Chapel, and of St. Paul's, together with 

 numerous friends. 



CLEO'MBROTUS I., brother of Agesipolis, whom be succeeded in 

 B.C. 880 M king of Sparta. In B.C. 378 be marched with an army into 

 Bccotia to attack the Thebans. Passing into the Theban territory he 

 encamped at Cynoscepbalee, and, after remaining there sixteen days, 

 withdrew to Tliespiro. The purpose of the expedition not requiring 

 bis presence longer, he left a third of his forces under Sphodrias, and 

 led back the rest to the Peloponnesus. Two years afterwards, B.c. 870, 

 in consequence of tho severe illness of Agesilaus, he was chosen to lead 

 another army against the Thobans. In n,c. ;t71 he commanded, in 

 the celebrated battle at Leuctra, against Epaminondas. The Lnceilie- 

 inonian horse were quickly routed and were immediately charged by 

 the Theban phalanx. Cleombrotus WM mortally wouuded in the 

 attack, and dird soon after. (Xenophon, Ildlrn. v. 4, vL 4.) 



CLEO'MBKOTUS II , eon-in-law of Lconidas, on whoso expulsion 



