CLITUS. 



CLOOTZ, JEAN BAPTISTS. 



writing* of Homer, the population of anoint Greece, and other inter- 

 eating oabtMU The 'Fa*ti Romani' (the 'Civil and Literary Chro- 

 nolocy of ROOM and Constantinople, from the Death of Augustus to 

 the ivath of Heraeliu*-). S vola. 4to, Oxford, were published in 1845 

 and 1MO. In 1861 Mr. Clinton pu bU.be- 1 'An Epitome of the Civil 

 and Literary Chronology of Greco*, from the Earliest Account* to the 

 Death of Augu*tu,' gvo, Oxford; and in 1853 appeared 'An Epitome 

 of UM Civil and LiUrary Chronology of Home and Constantinople, 

 from the Daath of Augustus to the Drath of Heracliu*,' 8vo, Oxford : 

 two abridgment* which are very useful to tho*e student* who cannot 

 afford to porehaM UM larger and DOT* expensive work*. 



(Litvmrg Ktmuimi of //. P. Clinton, J,ltd by C. J. P. Clinton, 1854; 

 Omlltmtn t ffajpirfnrt 



CL1TC8, or CLKITUS. [ALEXANDER III.] 



(LIVE, HnHKlt T, LORD, wa* bom on the 29th of September 

 17S5, at Stycbe, near Market Drayton, Shroiliire. Hi* family wa* 

 reapeetablr, bat poor. He wa* lent to several schools, but distin- 

 gnjobed himself In all of them rather by a love of mischief and a 

 feerle** disposition than by any aptitude or love for learning. He wa* 

 aent to India, and arrived at Madras, in the civil service, a* a writer, 

 in 1744. Three year* after, he quitted Uie civil service of the Company 

 for UM military, which raited him much better. In 1748 he distin- 

 guished himself at the siege of Pondicherry, and shortly after at the 

 taking of Devi-Cotta, in Tanjore, on which occasion his superior officer 

 recommended him to the notice of the Company and the r.riti*h 

 government. Coming into contact with the French (with whom, and 

 not with the native* of India, the main struggle lay), he beat them 

 under their veteran commander*. The taking of Arcot, and the 

 dedaive victory gained by the British there, were chiefly owing to this 

 young and comparatively inexperienced officer. On his return to 

 England in 1753 for the recovery of his health, he was highly compli- 

 mented by the Directory of the East India Company. In 1755 he 

 went again to India a* governor of Fort St David, and with the rank 

 of lieutenant-colonel in the kin.fi service. Soon after his arrival, in 

 conjunction with the naval commanders, Watson and Pocock, he 

 reduced the dangerous pirate Augria, taking Gberiah, hi* capital, aud 

 all his treasures. In the meantime the nabob Sujah-u-Dowlah had 

 attacked the British, destroyed their factories, and barbarously thrown 

 part of hi* prisoner* into the memorable ' Blaok Hole ' of Calcutta. 

 Colonel CUve waa then, according to the admission of all parties, the 

 main stay and only hope of the British in India. He sailed at once 

 with Admiral WaUon to Calcutta, took Fort St. William in January 

 1757, aud following up bis advantages, thoroughly defeated and disor- 

 ganized the Sujah'i army. Clive' s victories led to a peace highly 

 advantageous to the British power in India, which before this event 

 wai dwindling to nothing. A series of intrigues and recriminations 

 followed : Clive accused Ltowlah of being wholly devoted to the French 

 interest*, a cruel tyrant over his subject*, a man without honour, 

 in whom there could be no faith or confidence. On the other aide it 

 wa* urged that Clive, insatiable of power, influence, aud wealth, had 

 from the beginning determined to dethrone that nabob; that with 

 this view he bad engaged in intrigue* with Meer Jaffier, one of the 

 nabob's officers, and with Omichund, a Gentoo merchant, whom, it 

 was (aid, he afterwards defrauded. In all these transactions the 

 observation of the rigid rule of right is not to be expected on either 

 dive's business wa* to advance the British power in India, and 



the nabob happened to be at once an impediment in his way, and a 

 cruel tyrant, after the faahion of that country. The war that ensued 

 wa* abort and brilliant, for, with a ' handful of men,' Clive gained the 

 great victory of Plaatey, and on the next day entering Moorshedabad 

 in triumph, installed Meer Jaffier, who took the style of Jaffier-Ali- 

 < 'awn, in the place of Sujah-u-Dowlab. The deposed nabob was soon 

 taken, and privately put to death by Meer Jaffier's son. The new 

 nabob gave Clive a jagbirc, or grant of land, which was said to produce 

 27.000/. per annum. Clive being made governor of Calcutta, held the 

 chief command there, and through the rest of British Bengal, for 

 about two yean. 



In 1759 he destroyed a formidable Dutch armament sent against 

 IteiitraL In 1760 he returned to England, where he received the 

 unanimous thanks of the Company, and was created by government 

 an Irish peer, under the title of Lord Clive, baron of Plaaney. He 

 was returned to parliament for Shrewsbury, and kept his seat in the 

 House of Common* till hi* death. In politics he wa* rather liberal, 

 being what was then called a 'moderate Whig;' but he exercised a 

 prodigious influence on parliamentary election*. Speaking of his title 

 of Lord, he say*, in a letter to his friend Major Carnac, " If health 

 had not dcatrUd me on my arrival in England, in all probability I 

 should have been an English peer instead of on Irish one, with tho 

 promis* of a red riband. I know I could have bought the title (which 

 Is usual), bat that I wa* above, and the honours I have obtained are 

 free and voluntary." 



After dive's departure, the aflUiri of India fell into an apparently 

 bopeles* state of confuaiun, and ho wa* once more sent out (In 1761) 

 a* the only man at all likely to retrieve them. Before thi* laat 

 employment he received the order of the Bath, and waa promoted to 

 the rank of major-general In ipito of diaeenaton* and intrigues, and 

 an almost general opposition on the part of the employe* of the 

 Company, both civil and military, ho set thing* in order, and gave 



security to that broad basis on which the British power ha* been since 

 raised in India. He however made many enemie*, whose influence be 

 felt a few year* later. 



He returned from India on the 14th of July 1707, with a constitu- 

 tion thoroughly *batterad. Ho wa* received with the greatest 

 lion. Five yean later (in 1772) hi* proceeding* in India were made 

 the subject of severe animadversion in parliament, and out of doon; 

 and in 1778 a select committee of the House of Commons was appointed 

 to examine into them. The charges presented to the House were most 

 serious, involving even a charge of forgery ; but on the great debate 

 on the USnd of May the combat wai narrowed into a motion made by 

 Colonel Burgoyne, and seconded by Sir William Meredith' 1 That in 

 the acquisition of hi* wealth Lord dive had abused the powers with 

 which he was intrusted." This motion was rejected, and at five 

 o'clock in the morning a resolution waa passed "That Lord Clive 

 had rendered great and praiseworthy services to his country." He 

 was thus acquitted, but the course of tho trial was a process of torture 

 to his proud spirit ; nor wa* the form of the acquittal altogether satis- 

 factory. He never held up hi* bead again, aud toward* the cud of the 

 following year he committed suicide. Soon after his Brat arrival in 

 India, in consequence of a painful disorder he accustomed himself to 

 take opium, the pernicious doses of which he gradually increased. 

 After his last arrival in England, he suffered from a complication of 

 disorders ; and to alleviate the anguish of the gall-stones he swallowed 

 opium in greater quantities than ever. His death took place on the 

 J-iid of November 1774, at his house in Berkeley-square, shortly after 

 completing his forty-ninth year. 



(Life of Robert Lord Cine, collected from the family Paptit, <tc., 

 by Major-General Sir John Malcolm, 3 vol*. 8vo, 1836; and see the 

 brilliant examen of Lord Olive's career and services by Macaulay, 

 reprinted in his Eaayt.) 



CLO'DIUS PU'BLIUS, a Roman patrician, the son of Appius, first 

 became notorious by introducing himself in the disguise of a woman 

 into Ctcsar's house during the celebration of the sacred rites of the 

 Bona Den. For this offence hi) was tried, but by the help of his hire- 

 lings and dependent*, and by bribing the judices, he was acquitted. 

 (Cicero, ' Kp. d Attic.,' i. 12. 16.) Cicero, who wa* called to give 

 evidence on this trial, made a very unfavourable statement respecting 

 his character, for which Clodius never forgave him. It was chiefly in 

 order to revenge himself on so formidable an enemy, that Clodius took 

 measures to qualify himself for the office of tribune of the people. 

 With this view he got himself adopted into a plebeian family, though 

 with considerable difficulty, and not without the help of Csosar and 

 Pompey. No sooner was he elected tribune than he applied all bis 

 energies to effect the ruin of Cicero. [ClCERO.] 



In KG. 57, when Lentulus had brought before the senate a proposal 

 to recal Cicero from banishment, a day was fixed for taking the sense 

 of the people. Fubricius, one of the tribunes, who favoured the cause 

 of Cicero, endeavoured to possess the place of assembly with armed 

 men, but it had been pro-occupied by Clodius. An encounter followed, 

 in which Clodius was victorious, and followed up his advantage by 

 uiassacreing a considerable number of persons. Milo undertook to 

 prosecute him for these outrage*, but it was useless to proceed in the 

 regular manner against a man who employed bodies of gladiators in 

 his defence. Milo accordingly provided himself in a similar way, and 

 the two parties had frequent engagements in the streets of Koine. 

 When Cicero was recalled from exile, a question was raised, whether 

 the ground on which his house had stood, and his property, which 

 had been alienated to religious uses, should be restored to him or not. 

 Clodius made a vehement speech against the restoration ; but the 

 point being decided in Cicero's favour, enraged Clodius beyond all 

 bounds, and he made an attempt on Cicero's life. He contrived to 

 screen himself from another trial, which ho apprehended, by getting 

 himself elected eedile; and no sooner was Milo's tribuneship expired, 

 than he took advantage of the circumstance to prosecute him for acts 

 of violence. Cicero appeared in defence of Milo, who was acquitted. 

 In B.C. 52 Clodius was a candidate for the pnctorship. Shortly after, 

 Milo, in his way from Home to Lanuvium, a distance of about fifteen 

 miles, met Clodius returning from his country-seat at Aricia. The 

 meeting appears to have been accidental ; but through the officious- 

 ness of a gladiator in Milo's retinue, a fray ensued, in which Clodius 

 received a severe wound. He wai carried into an inn at Uovillx, to 

 be attended to ; but Milo, wishing his men to make the most of their 

 victory, Clodius was dragged out of the inn, and killed in tho high- 

 road. (Appian, ' De Bell. Civ.,' ii. 439.) Milo was tried for the murder, 

 and Cicero spoke, though ineffectually, in his defence. Milo withdrew 

 before hi* condemnation, and retired into exile at Mossilia (Marseille). 



(Cicero, Ep. ad Atticum, Pro Milonr, Pro Domo Sun ; Plutarch, Life 

 ro.) 



CLOOTZ, JEAN BAPTISTS (Do VAL DE GRACE), Baron, whose 

 immeasurable frenzy make* the wildest Jacobin* seem tame, was born 

 at Clevn* in 1755. He waa a nephew of the learned but paradoxical 

 Dutch writer, Cornelius de Pauw. Long before the stormy day* of 

 the French revolution be had conceived the idea of reforming the 

 human race, and travelled through England, Germany, Italy, &c., 

 und'T the name of Anachani* Clootz, denouncing all kingK, prince*, 

 and rulers, and even the Deity. He returned to Paris, where he had 

 completed hi* education , about the period of the meeting of the States- 



