S57 



CONON. 



CONRAD IV. 



358 



them, and the people abandoned their lauds. Sestos and Abydos still 

 held out, but the approach of winter at last put an end to the attempt 

 at reducing them, and the satrap and Athenian admiral began to 

 prepare for the operations of the ensuing spring, at the commencement 

 of which they proceeded without delay to the coast of Lacouia, and 

 ravaged the country in various parts, B.C. 393. Conon seized the 

 opportunity, which the flush of their present success afforded, for 

 obtaining from Pharnabazus many important favours for his country. 

 The satrap allowed him the use of his fleet for recovering the payment 

 of tribute from the islands, and not only gave a large sum of money 

 towards the rebuilding of the long walls at Athens, which had been 

 demolished by the Spartans at the close of the Peloponuesian war, 

 but sent men to assist in the work. At this time Conon appears to 

 have returned to Athens, amidst the joy and congratulations of his 

 countrymen : hia portrait, with that of Evagoras was placed beside the 

 statue of Zeus Soter, as a memorial of their gratitude. 



At the time when Antalcidas waa sent on an embassy from Sparta 

 to conclude a peace with the Persian king, Conon, the Athenian ambas- 

 sador, was one of those who refused to give their assent to such terms 

 as were proposed for their acceptance. The result was that he was 

 imprisoned by the Persian minister Teribazus, on pretence of his 

 adopting measures detrimental to the great king. What became of 

 him afterwards we have no certain information. According to some 

 he was brought up before the king himself and put to death ; while 

 others affirm that he escaped from confinement. He probably escaped 

 to Cyprus, where he had considerable property. Lysias, who (' On 

 the Property of Aristophanes,' 635-646) gives an account of Conon's 

 property in Cyprus, states that it was disposed of after his death. 

 The words of Lysias ( 640) certainly imply that he died a natural 

 death, and was not murdered. He appears to have died about B.C. 388. 

 (Clinton, ' Fast. Hel.') He had a wife in Cyprus at the time of his 

 death. 



(Isocrates and Lysias, as cited above ; Xenophon, HelUnica, i. 4-7 ; 

 iv. 3-8 ; Diodorus Siculus, xiii. and xiv ; Nepos, Life of Conon ; 

 Plutarch, Life of Lysander, and of Artaxerxes.) 



CONON, of Alexandria, a friend of Archimedes, in whose writings 

 he is mentioned an having a great knowledge of geometry. He was 

 the proposer of the spiral which bears the name of Archimedes. 

 Seneca bays that he made a collection of the observations of eclipses 

 made by the Egyptians ; and he is said to have given the appellation 

 Coma Berenices to the constellation BO named. None of his works 

 have been preserved. 



CUNRAD I., Count of Franconia, was elected king of Germany 

 A.D. 911, on the death of young Ludovic IV., the son of Arnulf, and 

 the laot of the Carlovingiau dynasty in Germany. He was chiefly 

 engaged during his reign in making his authority respected by the 

 turbulent dukes or great vassals, his electors ; among whom Henry, 

 duke of Saxony and Thuringia, was the most powerful and most 

 troublesome. The Huns too attacked Germany, and pushed their 

 depredations as far as Bavaria. Conrad went to oppose them, and 

 received a mortal wound in battle, December 919. In his last moments, 

 knowing the ambition and power of Duke Henry, he recommended 

 to his brother Eberhard and bis other relatives the propriety of 

 renouncing their own views, and of electing the Saxon duke as the 

 only means of giving peace and stability to Germany. Hia advice 

 prevailed, and Henry, called the Fowler, w;u elected after his death 

 by the title of Henry I. Conrad was never crowned emperor or king 

 of Italy, the Italians having chosen a separate king, Bt-rengarius, 

 marquis of Friuli. 



CONRAD II., called the Salic, duke of Franconia, was elected king 

 of Germany after the death of Henry II., in 1024. He annexed the 

 vast dominions of Burgundy to the German confederation, forctd 

 the king of Poland to do homage for Silesia, and ceded the duchy of 

 Schleawig to Canute, king of Denmark, as a fief, on the same con- 

 dition. The great feudal nobles of Italy were at variance among 

 themselves and with the towns. They had acknowledged the princes 

 of the House of Saxony for their kings, and Conrad their successor 

 crossed the Alps to enforce a like submission. He was crowned king 

 of Italy at Monza by Heribert, archbishop of Milan, in 1026, after 

 which he convoked a general diet of Loinbardy in the plain of Ron- 

 CHgliii, near the Po, not far from Piacenza. In this diet he regulated 

 the feudal legislation of Italy, the jurisdiction of the great feudatories, 

 the successions, &c. He then proceeded to Rome, where be was 

 crowned in 1027 by Pope John XIX., as emperor and king of the 

 Romans, with the titles of Ciesar and Augustus : his wife, Gisela, was 

 crowned empress at the same time. Two kings, Rudolf III. of 

 Burgundy and Canute of Denmark, were present at the ceremony. 



Rudolf of Burgundy having died in 1033, the crown of that 

 kingdom devolved upon Hemy, Conrad's son, and Rudolfs nephew 

 by his mother ; but it was not without a war that Conrad secured bis 

 son's inheritance. About 1035 there was a general rising in Lonibardy 

 of the vassals, or aub-feudatoriea, againat the great lorda, secular and 

 clerical, and especially against the archbishop of Milan. A battle was 

 fought between Milan aud Lodi, ill which the archbishop was defeated, 

 and the bishop of Asti was killed. In 1036 Conrad marched into 

 Italy with au army to quell the disturbances ; he deposed Heribert 

 and imprisoned him, but the people of Milan ro.ie in favour of their 

 archbishop, and resisted all the forces of the emperor. During tho 



two years that Conrad passed in Italy be visited Rome and Monte 

 Casino, deposed Pandolfo, prince of Capua, and gave the principality 

 to his brother. A pestilence having spread among the imperial 

 troops in 1038, Conrad returned into Germany, and in June 1839 died 

 at Utrecht. He was succeeded by bis son, Henry III. 



CONRAD III., of the House of Hohenstauffen, Duke of Francouia, 

 and nephew of Henry V., was elected king of Germany in 1138, after 

 the death of Lotharius II., who had succeeded Henry. Conrad had 

 already been proclaimed King of Italy during the life of his uncle. 

 Henry the Proud, of the House of Welf, duke of Saxony and of 

 Bavaria, who had married Lotharius's daughter, and whose sway 

 extended from the Baltic to the Alps, had also pretensions to the 

 imperial crown. Conrad, assembling a diet at Wiirzburg, stripped 

 Henry both of Bavaria, which he bestowed on Leopold V., margrave 

 of Austria, and of Saxony, which he bestowed on Albert the Boar, 

 who was descended from the ancient dukes of that province. A civil 

 war was the result : Henry the Proud preserved Saxony, but dying 

 in the midst of the war, his rights descended to his infant son 

 Henry, afterwarda styled the Lion. Welf, brother of Henry the 

 Proud, expelled Leopold from Bavaria. A battle was fought at Wins- 

 berg in Suabia, between Welf and Conrad, which waa lost by the 

 former, and is memorable as having given rise to the distinctive names 

 of Guelphs and Ghibelines, which became the rallying words of two 

 opposite parties that desolated Germany aud Italy for centuries. At 

 the battle of Winsberg, the war cry of the Saxons and Bavarians waa 

 that of their leader 'Welf; ' and that of the imperial troops waa 

 ' Weiblingen,' a town of Wurtemberg, the patrimonial seat of the 

 Hohenstauffen family. The two names were originally applied to 

 the respective adherents of the Saxon duke and of the emperor ; but 

 that of Welf soon became extended to all the rebels or disaffected to 

 the imperial authority. The Italian;-, adopting the distinction long 

 after, named Guelphs all the opponents, aud Ghibelines the supporters 

 of the imperial authority in Italy. [GDELPHS AND GHIBELINES.] 



For the moment however peace was made in Germany : Henry the 

 Lion was acknowledged Duke of Saxony, aud gave up Bavaria to the 

 margrave of Austria. Albert the Boar was indemnified for the loss 

 of Saxony by the erection of Brandenburg into au independent 

 margravate, which his own successes over the Sclavonic tribes bordering 

 on the Baltic coon raised to an equal rank with Saxony, Havana, 

 Suabia, and the other great provinces of the empire. Having thus 

 given peace to Germany, Conrad was induced l>y the preaching of 

 St. Bernard to assume the cross. He set out with a numerous Lost 

 for the East, by the way of Constantinople. In conjunction with 

 Louis VII. of France, he penetrated into Syria, and besieged Damascus 

 and Ascalon, but without auccesa. Conrad having lost most of his 

 followers, returned disappointed to Germany, which he found again 

 distracted by the intrigues of Welf. He defeated Welf, and died in 

 1152, as he was preparing to set out for Italy to receive the imperial 

 crown from the hands of the pope. He was succeeded by his nephew, 

 Frederick of Hohenstauffen, duke of Suabia, surnamed by the Italians 

 ' Barbarossa.' 



CONRAD IV., son of Frederic II. emperor of Germany, and king 

 of Italy and of Sicily, was elected King of the Romans in his father's 

 lifetime ; but at the death of Frederic, in 1250, he found a competitor 

 for the crown of Germany in the person of William of Holland, who 

 was supported by all the influence of Innocent IV. The pope excom- 

 municated Conrad, as the son of the excommunicated Frederic, and 

 released all his subjects of Germany and Italy from their allegiance. 

 This was an epoch of the greatest animosity in Italy between the 

 Guelpha aud the Ghibelines, The popes were bent on the destruction 

 of the house of Hohenstauffen, the great leaders of the Ghibelines, 

 who had stoutly resisted the universal temporal sovereignty which 

 was assumed by the see of Rome. Naples, Capua, and other towns 

 of Apulia and Sicily, revolted against Conrad, but Manfred, the natural 

 eon of Frederic, who had been left regent of the kingdom in the 

 absence of his brother, brought back most of them to their allegiance, 

 and laid sie^-e to Xaples. 



In 1251 Conrad, on arriving in Italy, was well received by the 

 Ghibeline party, which was strong in Lombardy, especially at Verona, 

 Pavia, Cremona, Piacenza, Tortona, Pistoia, and Pisa. In 1252 Conrad 

 passed iuto Apulia, and on receiving the oath of allegiance from many 

 of the barons, he asked the pope for the investiture of the kingdom 

 of Sicily and Apulia; but the pope maintained that all Conrad's 

 rights were forfeited through the rebellion of hia father againet the 

 authority of the church. Conrad, strength.-uing his army with the 

 Saracen colonists who had been removed from Sicily by his father 

 and settled in Apulia, at Lncera, and in the neighbourhood, took 

 Naples after an obstinate defence, and razed the walls of that town. 

 Meantime the pope was offering the crown of Sicily, first to Richard 

 of Cornwall, afterwards to Edmund III., son of Henry Crookback, of 

 England, and lastly, to Charles, count of Anjou, who accepted it. In 

 1254, while Conrad was preparing to return to Germany to oppose 

 William of Holland, he was taken ill at Lavello, in Apulia, aud died 

 soon after. The Ouelphs spread a report that Manfred had poisoned 

 him in order to possess himself of the crown of Sicily and Apulia, as 

 they had already accused him of having hastened the death of his 

 father Frederic; but these reports are deserving of little notice. 

 Conrad left one only son, called also Conrad, who, on account of his 



