419 



Cl'.USENSTOLPK, MAGNUS JAKOB. 



CSOMA DE KOROS, ALEXANDER. 



460 



plates for ' Jack Sheppard ' and tbe ' Tower of London." Among the 

 admirable designs which belong to the intermediate period 

 may be mentioned the ' Points of Humour,' the exquisite illustrations 

 to 'PeUr Schleimhl," and Grimm's 'German Tales;' the rough but 

 excellent sketches for Hone's ' Every-Day Book,' ' Tom Thumb,' 

 ' Three Courses and a Dessert,' and the ' Comic Almanac,' which he 

 sustained with undiminished ability for some dozen years ; ' My 

 Sketch-liook," ' Illustrations of Phrenology,' 'Illustrations of the 

 Noveliats,' and the illustrations to 'Boz' aud 'Oliver Twist.' Many 

 of these were etched by Mr. Cruikshank himself with a great mastery 

 over the nee lie, whil-a some of those engraved on wood are among the 

 best examples in their way of the wood-engraver's art 



r Mr. Croikahanlc had tired of the dreary horrors of the Jack 

 Sheppard school, ho returned with all his old power' to his former 

 M ylo. But he now began to aspire to be a moral teacher, and in the 

 ' Bottle,' a series of eight plate?, he illustrated, with as much earnest- 

 ness of purpose as lloganb, the evih of gin-drinking. These plates, 

 of for him an unusually large size, were published at a very low price, 

 aud had an enormous circulation. Their salo was zealously promoted 

 temperance societies, and made the subjects of popular addresses 

 aud lectures. Jlr. Cruikshank himself joined the teetotallers, and for 

 some years past he baa given up a largo portion of his time and energy 

 to the furtherance of the causa of total abstinence from intoxicating 

 drinks. He w ono of the most frequent and effective speakers at 

 public meetings, and he eujoys among the meuibn's of the society a 

 remarkable amount of well-earned popularity. 



Duricg the last few years Mr. Cruikshank has chiefly occupied 

 ; iully with paiuting in oil. Among the pictures he 

 has exhibited may be mentioned his 'Tain O'Shanter,' 'Dressing for 

 the Day,' ' Titanic and Bottom the Weaver,' ' A Runaway Knock," 

 ' Cinderella,' and ' Disturbing the Congregation,' the last of which was 

 purchased by Prince Albert, and has been recently engraved. All of 

 these paintings show considerable humour -md artUtic skill, but they 

 will never wiu such hearty admirers as his inimitable little etchings 

 and wood-cut*. 



'CRU8KNSTOLPE, MAGNUS JAKOB, a Swedish political and 

 iiu-ci-llaucous writer, was born at Juukoping March llth, 1795. His 

 grandfather, who had been ennobled by King Adolphus Frederic and 

 raised to a judicial post, was degraded and reduce, 1 to tb.3 bar in 177-i 

 by Gustavns III., on accouut of his political opinions, which were 

 adverse to the ' regal revolution,' as it has been called, which had been 

 (li'-.'cted by that monarch. The grandson pursue 1 for some time a 

 legal career, but was compelled to resign the omces he held ia l. s jl, 

 and has since supported himself on the profits of his literary works, 

 and of a. prize in the lottery which he was fortunate enough to wiu in 

 1837. For one of his works, ' Stiilluinjjar och Fiirballanden ' (' Positions 

 ami llelatious '), which contained a series of anecdotes and observations 

 leuectitig on the government, he was tried in 1833, and condemned to 

 thrco yejira' imprisonment in the fortress of Waxholm. His con- 

 demnation gave rise to a series of riots, which led to loss of life. 

 While undergoing his imprisonment, he composed his most popular 

 work, 'Morianen,' which, in the form of a romance, comprises in fact 

 an embellished history of the house of Holstein Gottorp on the throne 

 of Sweden. Another of his works, ' Carl Johan och Sveuskarne ' 

 ('Charles John aud the Swedes '), presents a picture of the times of 

 J'cmadotte, extremely entertaining to read, but in which the reader is 

 continually at a loss to know how much is fact and how much fiction. 

 Another, the 'Historical Picture of the First Years of Gustavus IV.,' 

 is more satisfactory in this, re- p ct, as avowedly and entirely hi torical ; 

 iU materials are chiefly taken from the manuscripts of the Te-siu 

 library, which Crusenstolpe had purchased. A list of the whole of his 

 works, which are numerous, is given in Palmblad'a ' Biographical 

 Lexicon.' 



CRU'SIUS, CHRISTIAN AUGUST, a philosophical writer, who 

 enjoyed a gr> at but transient reputation in the beginning of the last 

 century. He was born in 1712 at Leuna, in Merseburg, aud died in 

 177', tirst professor of theology at Leipzig. His design was a recon- 

 ciliation of philosophy with the 01 thodox theology. Considering the 

 Wolltun philosophy the great enemy of religion, he made that the 

 chief object of hi i attack. He was successful in exposing several of 

 tbe dogmatical assertions of his opponents, particularly what are 

 technically called the outological and cosmological demonstrations of 

 the being of a God. Unfortunately however lie set up a system even 

 dogmatical than the one which he attempted to subvert, aud he 

 iii. I the mortification to outlive the reputation which he had acquired. 



CKU/, JUANA INKS DE LA, the most celebrated poetess whom 

 Mexico has hitherto produced, and well known in Spain by the name 

 <>f 'the Nun of Mexico,' was born about twelve leagues from that city, 

 at St. Miguel de Nepantbla, on the 12th of November 1651, and early 

 iyed an ardent love for knowledge. At five years of agj she 

 could read and write, cypher, and HOW ; and Boon after, when she was 

 told there was a university at Mexico, she begged her father, Don 

 r Spaniard, to allow her to put on boy's clothes and 

 go there. When she was afterwards taken to live ia that city, she 

 learned the Latin language in twenty lessons, and became such a pro- 

 ficient as to be able to write and speak it witli fluency. She was 

 appointed one of the ladies in attendance on the Marchioness of Man- 

 cora, the wife of tho viceroy ' f Mexico; and on one occasion, when 



she was seventeen, the marquis invited to an evening party forty of 

 the most learned men in Mexico, professors of mathematics, &c., aud 

 brought her into conversation with them all. "Just as .1 royal galleon 

 would defend itself from nn attack of boats," so the viceroy more 

 than once told her biographer Calleja, " did she disembarrass herself 

 of all the questions and arguments they could propose to her, each in 

 his own particular branch." It was at this age that she resolved to 

 become a nun ; and though favoured by nature, aud repeatedly 

 besought in marriage, the principal objection that she felt to taking 

 the veil was a doubt whether it would be allowable in a nun to occupy 

 herself with books so much as she feit inclined to do. She lived 

 twenty-seven years in the convent of St. Jerome at Mexico, and died 

 on the 17th of April 1695 of the plague, leaving behiud her a library 

 of 4000 volumes. Her works, of which six editions had appeared in 

 Spain before 1700 (aud as many have been published since), extend 

 to three quarto volumes, aud comprise a number of plays, most of 

 them on sacred subjects, but two of less serious character one oil the 

 story of ' Theseus aud Ariadne,' the other, ' Los Empefios de una Casa,' 

 a comedy of the usual character of Spanish comedies, with the sceno 

 laid at Madrid. Mrs. Hale, in her 'Woman's Record" (New York, 

 1S53), gives some pretty and spirited verses, translated from the Nun 

 of Mexico, directed against the unjust depreciation of her sex. Sho 

 was comraouly called 'the Tenth Muse,' and the same title wan 

 bestowed on the other American poetess, her contemporary, Anne 

 Bradstreet, of New England, who died in 167:2, aged sixty, but whose 

 poems were published iu 1012, nine years before Ines de la Cruz was 

 born. 



CSOKONAI, MIHALY VITEZ, an eminent Hungarian poet, was 

 born at Dobrecziu, on the 17th of November 1773, aud educated at 

 the college there, where Joseph Kovacs, who had published a very poor 

 translation of the '^Eueid,' was at that tisue professor of poetry. 

 Kovacs, who was in the habit of making all the pupils write verses, 

 whether they showed any talent for it or not, was surprised to find 

 one of them who at once surpassed himself, and was accustomed to 

 boast in after life that ho had developed the talents of Csokouai. At, 

 the age of twenty, the young poet, who was by that time well 

 acquaiuto i with most of the leading literary men of Hungary, WHS 

 hiiu.-elf elected to the professorship. At the age of twenty-two he 

 was expelled for irregularities, of whichr it appears he was accused 

 with too much justice. Tho rest uf his life wai mainly a struggle 

 with poverty and ill-fortune, though his genius occasionally procured 

 him powerful patrons. Ilia last chance of retrieval appears to have 

 been lost, when a lady of Presburg, whom he had celebrated under 

 the name of Lilla, aud who at one time appears to have favoured his 

 suit, bestowed her hand ou his rival, a merchant. After various wan- 

 deriugs to Pesth and Presburg, he died at Debreczin ou the 23th of 

 January 1805, in the house of his mother, who, early left a widow, 

 had fostered his infant taste for reading, and now survived to superin- 

 tend the publication of some of his poems. His reputation has risen 

 higher siuce his death. There are several editions of his works, but 

 by far the best and completes! is that by Schedel, which was issued 

 between 1844 and 1847, and forms part of the ' NemziSti Konyvtar,' 

 or ' National Library," a collection of the Hungarian classics issued 

 under tho superintendence of the Kisfaludy Society. It contains 

 selections from his correspondence, anil is accompanied by an excellent 

 'Life' from the pen of Schedel, from which tho above particulars are 

 taken. Csokouai's productions, whicli are mo-.tly of a comic and 

 lively cast, comprise a series of love-poems to Lilla, three plays of a 

 farcical character, and a burlesque epic entitled ' Djrottya,' the name 

 of the heroine. Sch-del his judiciously omitted to reprint some 

 poems, which Csokonai ought never to have written. 



C.S011A DE KOllOS, ALEXANDER, is the form of name assumed 

 in his published works, nil of wliicli are in English, by a scholar of 

 Hungarian or rather of Transylvauian birth, whose name in his own 

 laugiuigo is written Korosi Csomo- Sandor. JIo was boru not lon;^ 

 before 1790 at KiJros iu the district of Transylvania, inhabited by the 

 race called Szekl- rs, supposed by many to be descendants of tho 

 ancient Huns. His parents, though of noble birth, were extremely 

 poor, and their son received his education gratuitously at the college 

 of Nagy-Enyed, the main support of which we are iuformed by Paget, 

 the English traveller, is derived from a subscription raised some time 

 ago in England, the proceeds of which, still lodged in the Bank of 

 England, are sufficient to afford the college at the present day a 

 revenue of lOOOt a year. There has always been among the Hunga- 



ians a great curiosity to learn from what country their ancestors) 

 originally came. That they were of Asiatic origin ia generally admitted, 

 rumours have begn often current that tribes had been found in tho 

 Rusiian possessions iu Asia speaking a language akin to the Magyar, 

 which is common to the greater part of Hungary aud Transylvania, 

 and among others Klaproth, the Chinese scholar, has brought forward 

 various grounds for believing that the Asiatic n.itiou called by Arabian 

 mediaeval writers the Uigurs, must have been the same us the Magyars. 

 with a slightly altered name. Those investigations and speculations 

 took a strong hold of the fancy of the young Csomn de Kiiros. Ho 

 often talked of them when a boy, and when he was about eighteen 

 he told two of his school companions that he meant to travel a>;ro i 

 Asia to seek out the country of their ancestors. As he grew older 

 however he ceased to say much ou the subject, probably from finding 



