CUDWORTH, HALPH. 



-CIUS, CUJAS, JACQUKS. 



whieh were to tiv;.t respectively of the i aturo of moral distinctions 

 and of free will, were, thoi i;h writt y him. 



.:ch. iu Uie memoir prefixed to bin edition of the ' Int< . 

 System,' Lavinc r> luted the calumnious cbaig. s of atheism brought 

 against Cuilworth ou the appearance of Uiin work, roes on to quote 

 the folluwiog remark of Warburton's : "The wily calumny was 

 believed; the inuoh injure.! author grew disgusted ; hi* ardour 

 alanttivml : Mid the rest and far greatest part of the defem . 

 appet. I Though tbia does not necessarily imply that the 



remainder of the work was not written, the inference would not be 

 a very forced one. Nor does llr. Birch ever explicitly state that thu 



* auJ third parti were written, contenting himself with the 



remark " He left several poathumoiu works, most of which acein to 

 be a coutiuuatiuu of bis ' Intellectual System,' of which he had given 

 the world only the &nt part," (p. 31). A reference merely to Dr. 

 Cudworth's preface, in which he make* n division of his subject, or to 

 the beginning of his first chapter, would have shown that the treatise 

 m Kternid and Immutable Morality, which bos b*n published since 

 hi* death is the second part, aud the treatise on Liberty and Necessity, 

 which i still in uiomucript, is the third ) art of the work. 



Dr. (.'mi worth died at Cambridge iu 10S8, ill the seventy-first year 

 of his age, and w.is burie.l in Christ's College. He left one daughter, 

 who -married Sir Francis Ma-hum, and who is known, under the name 

 of Lady Matbam, as the fiiend of Locke. 



1 r. Cudworth was one of that set of Cambridge divines known as 

 Latitudinal-Una, on whom Bishop Buruct has passed a high eulo^ium 

 in bis history of the reign of Charles II. The chief others at this 

 time were Dm. Whitchcot, Wilkins, Henry More, and Worthington. 

 " Dr. Whitchcot," says Buruet, " set young student* much on reading 

 the ancient philosophers, chiefly Plato, Tully, and 1'lotin ; nud on 

 conside.-iug the Christian religion as a doctrine sent from God, both 

 to elevate and sweet, n human nature, in which he was a great example, 

 as well ns wise and kind instructor. Cudwortb carried this on with & 

 gnat strength of genius and a vast compass of learning. He was a 

 man of great conduct and prudence, upon which his enemies did very 

 falsely accuse him of craft and dissimulation." (' Hist, of bis own 

 Time,' vol. L p. :;jl.) 



The 'Inu-lieetualSy item, 1 or that (properly tin 1 first) part of it which 

 now passes under the name, U directed, ns has been said, against 

 athciiiD. This is one of three, as Cud worth conceives, false systems 

 or hypotheses of tin/ universe, or one of three possible modes of 

 fatali'iu. They are thus briefly described in the preface : " Of the 

 three fatalisms or false hypotheses of the universe mentioned in the 

 .nig of this book, one is absolute Atheism, another immoral 

 Theum, or religion without any natural justice aud morality (oil just 

 and uujutt, according to this hypothcnis, being mere thutical or facti- 

 tious tuiug*, made by arbitrary will and command only), the third and 

 last, such a Theism as acknowledges not only a God or omnipotent 

 understanding Being, bat also natural justice and morality, founded 

 iu him, and derived from him ; nevertheless, no liberty fiom necessity 

 anywhere, and therefore no distributive or retributive justice in the 

 world." Before erecting tiio true intellectual system of the uuiver.su 

 (the epithet .' being used, as he tells us, ' to distinguish it 



from the other, vulgarly so called, systems of the world, that is, the 

 visible and corporeal world, the Ptolemaic, Tychouic, and Copcrni- 

 cu "), it was his object to demolish these false systems. And the 

 first of them, Atheism, or the atheistic fate, 'n attempted to bo 

 demolished iu the 6rst part, which is all that we have under the name 

 Ili'ctunl System. It is a work of great learning, and also of 

 great acutenes*. Hut grave charges have been founded upon this 

 ..ik. "There wanted not country clergy men," says Warburton, " to 

 lead the cry and U-ll the woild that, under pretence of clef. -uding 

 revelation, he wrote in the very manner that an artful infidel might 

 naturally be supposed to usj in writing against it ; .... that with 

 incredible industry and reading, be bad rummaged all antiquity for 

 aUwbUcal argument*, which lie neither knew bow, nor intended, to 

 answer ; in a word, that be wu an atheist in bis heart, aud an Ariau 

 ;...ok." Chiviiie Legation of Moses,' vol. iii., ed. 1762 : Preface.) 

 The accusation alludvd to in these passages U made iu a circuitous 

 way by a Mr. John Turner, in a ' Discourse of the Messiah.' 



In attacking atheism, or the atheittic fate, Dr. Cudworth describes 

 the atomic physiology which, as held by Deuiocritus. and other ancient 

 philosophers, involved atheism. It beiuj hi.i object to demoli-h 

 ilhaism under evtry form, and therefore the atomic atheism, he yet 

 adopts the atomic physiology, contending that " M> fur from being 

 either the mother or nurse of atheism, or any ways favourable there- 

 unlo (as is vulgarly sup|-o.-cd>. it is indeed the most opposite to it of 

 nny, and the greatest defence ogninst the satne." Kor the better con- 

 futation of other forms of atheism, to which be gives the names 

 ic anil Cosmo- plsstic, Le tnakts the hypothesis of a-i "Artificial, 

 rrguUr, and plastic nature," working in complete subordination to the 

 .. And to avert an argument brought sg.init the oneness of the 

 , from iU unnaturalne** as shown by the gem ml prevai 

 .eivui among the Pa.-an nations, i . . thaf'thn Png.in 



'^ers mil alonj acknowledged onu ov< reign and omi 



! nr created," aud 

 .wisui t! l>nt * | 

 The 'Treatise oa Ktonul and Immutable Morality ' corresponds to 



the second |rtof t[i 'Intellect!-. It U direct., 1 against 



those who " atlirm justice and injustice to be only by law and not by 

 nature;" among wl.k-h ullirmcrs I , ; neously iu our opinion, 



Hobbw. 



; ..i the 'lutulloctuul System,' l>r. Cudworth published, 1, ' A 

 Discourse concerning t! .. the Lord's Sir |'cr,' in 



be maintains, as Warburtou lias since maintained, that the Lord's 

 Sup; er is a feast upon a sacrifice; 2, a treatise, en' ' 'niou 



of ( 'hrist and the Church Shadowed, or in a Shadow ;' 3, 'A S 

 on John ii. S-4, preach, d in 1647 before the House of Commoi. 

 Day of Public Humiliation;' 4, 'A Sermon preached iu ir.Ol at Liu- 

 colu's Inn, on 1 Cor. xv. 67 ;' !>, a treatise, entitled ' Den Ju-; 1 . i, 

 or the Divine Uoodnes* vindicated and cleared, against the ntaertoni 

 of absolute and iuconditinnatc Reprobation.' 



Dr. Cudworth left he-vend works iu manuscript, only one of whieh 

 has yet been published, namely, the ' Treatise coi.cirnii.tr : 

 Immutable Mor.dity,' which apt. eared with a preface by Dr. Chandler, 

 bit-hop of Durham, in 1731. The rest are 1, 'A Discourse of 

 Good and Kvil ; 2, ' A Discourse of Liberty aud Neces-ity, iu which 

 the grounds of the At: ii.-t...d Philosophy :.re confuted, and Morality 

 vindicated ai:d explained;' u, ' A Commentary 0:1 t 

 of the Seventy M'ecks;' -1, 'Uf the Verity of the Ciiris': 

 against the Jews;' 5, ' A DUcouiso of the Creation of the World ..'! 

 Immortality of the Soul;' G, 'A Tr.-uti-e ou Hebrew Learuii 

 'An Explanation of liobbe.Vs Notion of God, and of the ! 

 Spirits.' These manuscripts, after having passed through m;iny da: 

 were finally purchased for the British Museum, iu vhi.-h in-; 

 they now are. 



An abridgment of the 'Intellectual System ' was publish 1 i 

 by Mr. Wi.^e, Fellow of Kxeter College, Oxford, in '2 voU 4t-.<. l:i 

 1733 a Latin ti-aiuslatiou was published by Dr. Mo.-luiini at J< 

 whi.h tbe uumerous errors in Cudworth's nuuiero.. ..-t HIT 



corrected, aud whose stylo is less complicated than that of the origin. d ; 

 a French translation, which had been commenced by M. Hour,! 

 member of tbe French Academy, was prevented from b. 

 by the death of the translator. That part of the ' 1 utellei- 

 which treats of the ' plastic nature ' gave rise to a controversy b< : 

 Mr. Baylo aud M. Lo Clerc; tho former of whom contended UK. 

 an hypothesis went to show the possibility of Ilyloxoi.-m, whi 

 latter defended Cudwortb by representing it as n mere in.<tni:i..-iit !' 

 the Deity. M. Le Clerc's articles, which are valuablu c-.. 

 on this part of Cudworth's work, are in the ' Bibliuthei|ue Ch 

 torn, v., vi., vii, ix. 



(Kippi.i, /liographia liritannica ; Mosheim a:id liirch, Lire*.) 



CUJA'CIUS, CUJAS, JACQUK3, was born at Toulouse iu tin- 

 year K>20. The day of his birth is unknown. Hia father, a t 

 of Toulouse, was named Cujaup, which the sou changed into ' 

 for the purpose of making the name better suit d lor the In- 

 form of Cuj.tcuis. In tiie latter part of his life he 

 CIIJRB. Cujas, at an early age, distinguished himself by his i 

 and assiduity, and is said to have h . ', nnd l.atm by h 



without any teacher. Ho studied law at Toulouso uuder Arnold 

 I'VrriiT, for whom be entertained a high respect all his life; but he 

 ;ic. j-iir. <1 the best part of bis extensive knowledge by his oun in . 

 With unwearied labour he studie 1 all the works of the b 

 and exerei-i d himself iu discusiioua with his fellow-students. Iu 

 1547 he began to lecture on Justinian's Institutes with j^r. at n] -; 

 and soon acquired such a reputation that the most di-:in 

 of the country, as President Dufaur and .1 Mm their sons 



to Toulouse to study under Cujas. Iu 1J.'>4 a profoH8or.<hi|> . 

 Homan law being vacant in the University of Toulouse, Cujas was a 

 cumUdat-, but, by the intrigue* of his enemies, a man of 

 mte talents, Stephen For&tdel, wait preferred. .Shortly after, being 

 invited to Cabors as professor of law, bo removil there \vi j 

 greater part of bis pupils. Iu the following ye .1 ','. 

 at the suggestion oi the Chancellor 1'Hopital, iuvitc.l Cujas, as pro- 

 fessor of liw, to the uuiveraity of Bourges. At that ti.ue t!i,-i, 

 two celebrated liwiei-s iu Bourges, Hugh D^neau (Don. liux) aud 

 Francis Duariu (Duareuiis), both of whom became the livaN mid 



of Cujs,'. This was particularly the case with Duariu 

 excited the ltadent**ajalnat Cujas to such a .!., as Cuj in 



.1 a party of his own among the students, great di-!m 

 would have arisen if he had not left the place. 1 1 

 Paris he was invited by a deputation IYm tlie city of Yulnnin to 

 accept a professorship in that university. Cujas ae. 

 tiou ; but Duarin havini; 1.1 d inthey.ar .n.id to ISourgcH, 



whore he resided till 1 J06. In the 

 patroness, hnd man-it- 1 the Duke 1.1 ;-'.iv..y, who ;:.r. 

 lion as profouor to tho Um :n>in. .Not liking Italy, h 



retuiurd to Valence as professor, aud lived there till h Home 



short interruptions, when he left on account of thv i. -li;'ius <|.. 



During his ro-ideuco in \ 



reputation of Cujas rose to its height. V.iun:; mc;i from 

 Ktirope, and especially f.om (Jeii-i.iny, not only students oflawlu' 

 thoso who were devoted to other sciences, came to Vulene.- t.. :-!u ly 

 under Cujas. Among hi* pupils Was Joseph Scaligi 

 brate. I phdologitt , and Jnui'-s Augustus do Thou (Tim 



tie l-'i n.-h historian. Jlemi 111. of Froucu i. 



