til 



CULLEN, WILLIAM. 



CUMBERLAND, RICHARD. 



458 



the parliament of Grenoble, and loaded him with honours. In 1575 

 Cujaa returned to Bourgea as professor ; but to avoid the religious ; 

 troubles he again left Bourges for a year, during which he lectured on ! 

 the civil law at Paris. Returning to Bourges he resided there till his 

 death, having refused an invitation from Pope Gregory XIII., as 

 professor in the university of Bologna. 



The latter years of his life were t-reatly troubled by the religious 

 disturbances which then distracted France. On the death of Henri III. 

 the party of the Cardinal de Bourbon made great promises to Cujas, 

 if he would write iu favour of the cardinal against the rights of 

 Henri IV. Cujas refustd the proposals, and the fanatics of Bourges 

 being excited against him by his enemies, be nearly lost his life in a 

 tumult On the 4th of October 1590 Cujas died of grief, as it is said, 

 for the wretched situation of his country, in which civil war had 

 dissolved all social order. Both friends and enemies united in honouring 

 him with a splendid funeral. 



Cujas was twice married. He had a son of great talents, who died 

 in 1581 ; and a daughter by his second marriage, who was notorious 

 for her disorderly life. 



Cujas was distinguished both as a teacher and a writer. His merits 

 principally consisted in substituting a more rational system in place 

 of the unscientific method of Bartolus, and in grounding his interpre- 

 tation of the civil law on a profound study of the original authors, 

 and of the manuscripts of the Roman law. He possessed in his own 

 library 500 manuscripts on the Roman law. His knowledge of 

 archaeology also and his exact acquaintance with the ancient languages 

 gave him a decided superiority over other civilians. In teaching as 

 well as in his writings he followed the exegetical method, in which he 

 may still be considered as a model. 



The works of Cujas are very numerous. They are commonly divi- 

 ded into ' Opera Priora,' which were published in his life by himself : 

 first at Paris, 1577, 5 vols. foL, and again in 1583; and 'Opera 

 Posthuma,' which were edited by his friends after his death. Both 

 the ' Opera Priora ' and ' Posthuma ' were first collected and edited 

 by Alexander Scot, Lyon, 1614. The most complete edition is that by 

 Fiibrot, Paris, 1658, 10 vols. foL As it is very difficult to find what 

 we want in the works of Cujas, the ' Promptuarium Operum Jacobi 

 Cujaci; aactore Dom. Albunensi,' Naples, 1763, 2 vols. foL, is of great 

 assistance. 



' Codex Jnstinianus ; ' of the ' Consuetudines Feudorum,' with notes, 

 and a translation of the sixtieth book of the ' Baeilika,' cf which he 

 also published an edition ; 2, of commentaries, notes, and interpre- 

 tations relating to most parts of the Institutes, Pandects, Code, and 

 Novels; a ' Commentary on the Decretals;' and Lectures on many 

 passages of the Pandects ; 3, other important works, as his ' Obser- 

 vationum and Emendatiouum libri xxviii,' a work which civilians iu 

 the time of Cujas called ' opus incomparabile et divinum.' It contains 

 corrections of the original works on law and of a great number of 

 other authors, both Greek and Latin. This work is a real treasure to 

 philologist* ; 4, ' Parutilla ad Digest*, et in libros ix., Codicis,' which 

 i.< a summary of the titles of the Pandects and the Constitutions of 

 the Code. 



(tUoye de Cujaa, par Bernard!, Lyon, 1775 ; ffittoirc de Cujas, par 

 Berriot ; Saint Prix, f/ijtory of the Roman Law, which is the best 

 biography of Cujas; Ed. &pangcnlicrg ; Cujcu und seine Zcityenotsen., 

 Leipzig, 1822.) 



CULLEN, WILLIAM, was born in Lanarkshire, in the year 1712. 

 His parents being in humble circumstances, he commenced the study 

 and even the practice of physic under certain disadvantages; and after 

 serving an apprenticeship to a surgeon-apothecary in Glasgow, he 

 became surgeon to a merchant vessel, trading between London and 

 the West Indies. He soon returned to his own district, and practised 

 in the country parish of Sliotts, a region proverbial, even in Scotland, 

 for bleakness and poverty. But having been introduced to the Duke 

 of Argyll, who was on a visit to a gentleman in the neighbourhood, 

 he acquired his good opinion ; and was led soon after to remove to 

 Hamilton. There he was admitted a councillor in 1737, and was 

 chief magistrate in 1739 and 1740; and he formed a partnership with a 

 young man destined to attain equal celebrity, William Hunter. The 

 chief object of this connection was to enable them to improve their 

 medical education ; and accordingly they agreed that one of them 

 should alternately be allowed to study during tho winter at some 

 medical school, while the other should carry on the business in the 

 country for the profit of both parties. Culleii took the first turn, and 

 panted his winter at Edinburgh. Hunter, when his turn arrived, went 

 to London, where he soon recommended himself to Dr. Douglas, a 

 lecturer on anatomy and midwifery, who engaged him as an assistant. 

 Thus ensued a premature dissolution of partnership; for Cullen threw 

 no obstacles in the way of his friend's advancement, but readily 

 cancelled the articles. They maintained ever after a cordial com- 

 munication by letters, though it does not appear that they again met. 



Tho Duke of Hamilton having been suddenly taken ill at his palace, 

 sent for Cullen, who not only benefited him by his skill, but attracted 

 him by hi.-, conversation. It appears to have been the interest of this 

 nobleman which procured him the situation of lecturer of chemistry 



BIOO. civ. VOL. II. 



in the University of Glasgow ; and having previously taken his Doctor's 

 degree, he began his first course in 1746. His medical practice daily 

 increased; and when a vacancy occurred in 1751, he was appointed by 

 the king to the professorship of medicine. It was now that he began 

 to show the rare talent of giving science an attractive form, diffusing 

 clearness over abstract subjects, and making the most difficult points 

 accessible to ordinary capacities. 



In 1756 he was called to Edinburgh to fill the chair of chemistry, 

 vacated by the death of Dr. Plummer. While holding this office, he 

 for several years delivered clinical lectures at the royal infirmary. 

 Alston, the professor of materia medica, died in 1763, and was suc- 

 ceeded by Cullen, who, though now in the middle of his chemical 

 course, began his new subject a few days after his nomination. So 

 great was his popularity, that while only eight or ten pupils had 

 entered under Alston, he attracted above a hundred. On the death 

 of Dr. Whytt, in 1766, Cullen took the chair of theoretical medicine, 

 resigning that of chemistry to his pupil Black. The chair of practical 

 medicine next became vacant by the death of Dr. Rutherford. 

 Gregory started as a rival candidate to Cullen; but by an amicable 

 compromise it was agreed that the chairs of theoretical and practical 

 medicine should be shared between them, each lecturing on both 

 subjects ; but when Gregory was suddenly cut off in the prime of life, 

 Cullen occupied the practical professorship alone, till within a few 

 mouths of his death. As a lecturer, Dr. Cullen, like all who have 

 excelled in that difficult branch of tue profession, carried with him 

 not merely the regard but the enthusiasm of his pupils. Alibert bears 

 testimony to the impression he made upon the foreign students who 

 resorted to his lectures, and who preserved indelible recollections of 

 his power to convince and to awaken. He lectured from short notes 

 and this nearly extemporaneous delivery no doubt contributed to that 

 warmth and variety of style which tradition ascribes to his lectures, 

 but which are certainly not the characteristics of his published workp. 

 Cullen died on the 5th of February 1790. The following is a list of 

 Dr. Cullen's works : 1. ' First Lines of the Practice of Physic,' Edin., 

 1777, 4 vols., 8vo. This work has been frequently reprinted, and has 

 been translated into French, German, Italian, and Latin. Dr. Culleu's 

 system, as delivered in this book and in his lectures, superseded that 

 of Boerbaave, of which the humoral pathology forms a part. Culleu's 

 division of diseases into four classes is so simple, and yet so ingenious 

 that it is still adopted by some English lecturers. The first class contains 

 the Pyrexiso, or febrile diseases ; the second, the Neuroses, or nervous 

 diseases ; the third, the Cachexiac, or diseases of an ill habit of body ; 

 tHe fourth, the Locales, or local diseases. To give an example of each, 

 pleurisy belongs to the first class, epilepsy to the second, scurvy to the 

 third, and tumours to the fourth. [BROWN, JOHN, M.D.] 2. ' Insti- 

 tutions of Medicine,' Edin., 1777, 12mo. This is a treatise on 

 physiology, which was translated into French, German, and Latin. 

 3. 'An Essay on the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids, and of 

 some other means of producing Cold," Ediu., 1777. This is annexed 

 to Dr. Black's Eperiments upon Magnesia alba, &c. 4. ' A Letter to 

 Lord Cathcurt, president of the Board of Police in Scotland, concerning 

 the Recovery of Persons drowned and seemingly dead,' Edin., 1784, 

 8vo. 5. 'Synopsis Nosologite Methodicae,' Edin., 1785, 2 vols., 8vo. 

 The first volume contains the nosologies of Sauvages, Linnaeus, Vojel, 

 Sagar, and Mucbride ; the second contains Cullen's owu, which is by far 

 the best. This work was translated into German, with some additions, 

 Leipzig, 1786, 2 vols., 8vo. 6. 'A Treatise of the Materia Medica,' 

 Edin., 1789, 2 vols., 4to. Translated into French and Italian, and 

 twice into German; one of tho German translations is by Hahnernanu. 

 Leipzig, 1790, 2 vols., 8vo. Cullen's clinical lectures were published 

 in 1797, Loud., 8vo. Dr. Young (' Med. Liter.'), after the title of the 

 book, puts the word surreptitious, so that it was probably printed 

 from the note-book of some student. 



CUMBERLAND, RICHARD, was born in the parish of St. Ann, 

 near Alderegate, in London, on the 13th of July 1632. He received 

 the early part of his education at St. Paul's School, and went thence 

 to Magdalen College, Cambridge, in 1649. After taking his Master's 

 degree he thought of entering the medical profession, and accordiugly 

 studied medicine for a short time ; but he soon relinquished tliis 

 intention, and took orders. In 1658 he was appointed to the rectory 

 of Brampton, in Northamptonshire, where he remained till 1667, when 

 Sir Orlando Bridgman, who had been his contemporary at Cambridge, 

 and had now become lord keeper, first made him his chaplain, and 

 shortly afterwards bestowed on him the living of Allhallows, in 

 Stamford. In both places he performed the duties of minister with 

 the most exemplary assiduity. In Stamford he regularly preached 

 three times every. Sunday, having taken upon himself a weekly lecture- 

 ship in addition to his parochial duties. His ' Inquiry iuto the Laws 

 of Nature,' which wai written while he was chaplain to Sir Orlando 

 Bridgman, appeared in 1672, the year in which Puffendorf published 

 his 'Treatise on the Law of Nature and Nations.' His 'Essay ou 

 Jewish Weights and Measures,' a work of great learning and acuteness, 

 was published in 1686. 



After the Revolutiou, Dr. Cumberland was raised to the pee of 

 Peterborough, in the room of Dr. Thomas White, who refused tho 

 new oath. The manner of his appointment was highly honourable to 

 him, and not leis to King William. " The king was told," says Mr. 

 Payne, his chaplain, to whom we are indebted for a brief, and that the 



