473 



CZARTORYSKI, FAMILY OP. 



CZUCZOR, GERGELY. 



471 



that he was not extremely anxious to inculcate into the minds of the 

 youth of Poland the principle of unlimited submission to Russian 

 sway. He again cleared himself before a .second Russian commission 

 in 1810, but the school was broken up for the time by Napoleon's 

 invasion of Russia in 1812, and in the following year, on the 8th of 

 February 1313, Czacki died rather suddenly at Dubno. 



A collection of Czacki's works was issued in three volumes in 1843 at 

 Posen by the indefatigable Count Edward Raczynski. He states in the 

 preface that many of the single books had at that time become rare, 

 and were eagerly bought at high prices. The best however and most 

 extensive is that 'O Litewskich i Polskich Prawach' ('On Lithua- 

 nian and Polish Laws '), which ia not a work of legal learning merely, 

 but of miscellaneous information on subjects to which the laws relate, 

 Czacki inserting for instance, when he comes to speak of the coinage, 

 one of the completest treatises extant on Polish numismatics. His 

 shorter works, ' On the Jews,' ' On the Gypsies,' ' On the Statistics of 

 Poland," &c., are all rich in information on the subjects treated, and 

 are written in a concise and entertaining style, which has been censured 

 for the unusual fault in an antiquary of being too condensed. 



CZARTORYSKI, FAMILY OF. The Czartoryski family is 

 descended from Korygello, one of the son* of Olgerd, the founder 

 of the Jagellonian dynasty of Poland. A eon of Korygello, having in 

 the early part of the loth century become possessor of a domain 

 called Czartorya, assumed the name of Czartoryski. His descendants 

 in course of time came to be reckoned among the wealthiest and most 

 influential of the Polish nobility ; but it was not till towards the 

 ini'l'He of the ISth century that the Czartoryskis began to take a 

 leading part in public affairs. At that time, PRINCE MICHAEL CZAR- 

 TORYSKI (born 1696, died 1775), who had been successively castellan 

 of Wilna, vice-chancellor of Lithuania, and (in 1752) grand-cbaucellor, 

 and his brother, PRIXCE AUGUSTUS (born 1697, died 1782), a pala- 

 tine and lieutenant-general of the army of the crown, determined 

 to endeavour to raise the country from the state of anarchy into 

 which it had fallen by changing the constitution of Poland into that 

 of a well-organised and powerful monarchy. They were both men of 

 considerable activity and energy, and they held positions of great 

 influence ; but they were opposed by the majority of the nobles, who 

 were unwilling to part with any of their privileges. The nobles were 

 supported by the Saxon dynasty, and by Austria, and the Czartoryskis 

 turiii-d to Russia for assistance. Catharine, who was then on the 

 iu throne, readily rendered them her support, and by her 

 influence her favourite, Stanislas, a relative of the Czartoryskis, was 

 elected king. But they soon found that in calling in Russian aid they 

 bad destroyed the last spark of national independence. The Russian 

 court, within a short time, overturned all the reforms which the Czar- 

 toryskis had introduced, and then followed the dismemberment of the 

 kingdom. 



ADAII CASSIMIK CzARTORTsKr, son of Prince Augustus, was president 

 of the diet which elected Stanislas Poniatowski. While earnestly 

 labouring to carry out the views of his father and uncle for the regene- 

 ration of Poland, he yet, like them, believed that it was through 

 Russian influence that this object was to be accomplished. He took 

 little part in the struggles of his countrymen after the first partition 

 of Poland, and he wholly retired from public life in 1813. He took 

 up his residence in Austria, and died in Gallicia in 1823. Prince 

 Adam Casimir was starost-general of Podolia, and master of the 

 ordnance (feldzetigmeister) in the Austrian army. 



*ADAM GEORGE CZARTORYSKT, son of Prince Adam Cassimir, and 

 perhaps the most eminent of the family, wai born at Warsaw on 

 the 14th of January 1770. Having received a careful education, for 

 the completion of which he visited France and England, he was intro- 

 duced into the public service ; and on the second partition of Poland 

 in 1792 he joined the Lithuanian army under Zabiello, in the campaign 

 against Russia. On the destruction of that army and the division of 

 the last remnant of the country between the three invading powers, 

 Adam Czartoryski was, by command of Catharine, sent with his 

 brother Constantino ag hostages to St. Petersburg. Hero he was 

 attached to the Grand-duke Alexander Pa,vlovich, whose favour he 

 obtained l>y his prudence and ability. So high a reputation indeed 

 did he gain for these qualities, that in 1797 the Emperor Paul 

 appointed him ambassador to Sardinia. Alexander soon after his 

 accession to the throne recalled Czartoryski, and in 1802 appointed 

 Distant to the minister of foreign affair?. He was present at the 

 battle of Austerlitz in 1805, and in 1S07 took part officially in the 

 conferences at Tilsit. He withdrew afterwards from public life, but 

 in 1813 accompanied the Emperor Alexander to Vienna and to Paris. 

 In the various changes which occurred in Polish affairs during the 

 following years Adam Czartoryski, when not an actor was an observant 

 Hpoctator; but entertaining feelings of strong personal friendship for 

 Alexander, ho continued to repose confidence in his good intentions 

 towards his country, and he did what he could to induce his country- 

 men to remain quiet. At the same time he appears to have laboured 

 in secret to keep up a spirit of nationality. When the Academy of 

 Wilna was raised into a university in 1803, Czartoryski was appointed 

 curator of it. The students on more than ona occasion showed 

 symptoms of dissatisfaction with the Russian yoke, and the tyranny 

 of the Grand-duke Constantino at length excited them to such a 

 degree that it was easy for the Russian police to establish a charge of 



Bioa DIV. VOL. H. 



sedition asainst them. Constantino directed the most severe measures 

 to be adopted. A large number of the students were arrested and 

 thrown into prison, others were sent to Siberia, or forced to serve as 

 common soldiers in the army. Czartoryski indignantly protested 

 against these proceedings, and finding his remonstrances disregarded, 

 he threw up his office. His successor, Novossiltzoff stated in his report 

 to the emperor on the condition of the university, that "the Prince 

 Czartoryski by his occupancy during twenty years of the curatorship 

 of the University of Wilna, has thrown back for at least a century 

 the amalgamation of Lithuania with Russia." 



On the breaking out of the Polish revolution in 1830, Czartoryski 

 entered with all his heart into the popular movement. As president 

 of the provisional government he summoned a national diet in Decem- 

 ber 1830. The diet in January 1831 declared the throne of Poland 

 vacant, and elected Adam Czartoryski president of the national 

 government. The prince in accepting the office offered the half of 

 his immense fortune to the public service. Under his direction 

 vigorous measures were adopted, and for awhile success attended the 

 Polish arms. But in addition to the insufficiency of the national 

 resources for opposing the enormous power of Russia, and the covert 

 aid which Prussia afforded to the Czar, there was the perhaps greater 

 evil of internal dissension. This eventually broke out into open insur- 

 rection at Warsaw, August 15, 1831, and the government of Adam 

 Czartoryski formally resigned its functions. The prince himself 

 volunteered to serve as a private iu the national army ; but the 

 national cause was crushed. Adam Czartoryski was specially excluded 

 from the benefits of the general amnesty, and his estates were con- 

 fiscated. But he escaped in safety to Paris, where on the proceeds of 

 bis Austrian property he has since resided, and where he and his wife, 

 a member of the eminent Polish family Sapieha, have been foremost 

 in every friendly service to the less affluent among their expatriated 

 fellow-countrymen. 



* COXSTANTINE ADAM CZARTORTSKI, born iu October 1773, who was 

 sent with his brother Adam as a hostage to St. Petersburg in 1795, 

 returned to Poland in 1800 ; in 1809 was named Colonel of a Poli.-h 

 regiment of infantry, and in that capacity served in the campaign of 

 Moscow in 1812. He quitted the Russian service iu 1813, and retired 

 to Vienna. 



* CZUCZOR, GERGELY, or GREGORY, a living Hungarian poet, 

 prose-writer, and lexicographer, considered by his countrymen to stand 

 in the first rank of their men of letters, and remarkable for the singu- 

 larity of the incidents of his life, as well as the number and value of 

 his literary productions. He was born on the 17th of December 1800, 

 at Andod, in the county of Nyitra, of Catholic parents. In his seven- 

 teenth year he entered the Benedictine order, and after tho usual 

 noviciate and years of preliminary study, in his twenty-fourth year he 

 took holy orders. By his frequent and impressive preaching, and by 

 his attention to his priestly duties during the time of the cholera, ho 

 acquired a high degree of public esteem. At the same time he was 

 securing a name iu literature by the composition of a series of epic 

 poems, of which the first, ' Augsburgi Utkcizet ' (' The Battle of Augs- 

 burg') appeared in 1824; the second, ' Aradi Gyulds '(' The Meeting 

 at Arad ') in 1828 ; and a third, still incomplete, the best of the three, 

 on the exploits of John Huuyadi, the great Transylvauian hero, was 

 issued in portions in the 'Aurora,' an annual edited by Charles Kis- 

 faludy, which was for some years the receptacle of the best productions 

 of Hungarian literature. When the Huugarian Learned Society was 

 established, which now bears the name of the Hungarian Academy, 

 Czuczor was elected a member at its first meeting. This was in 1831 ; 

 and in 1835, after several contributions on historical subjects to the 

 ' Transactions ' of the Society, he was chosen assistant-secretary, while 

 his friend Schedel, better known by his assumed name of Toldy, held 

 that of secretai-y-in-chief. In the next year a collection of Czuczor's 

 poetical works was published at Buda under the editorship of Schedel, 

 and from that moment his career, hitherto so brilliant, was troubled 

 and unhappy. The volumes contained some songs and ballads of high 

 poetical merit, at which exception was taken as of an improper charac- 

 ter to come from the pen of a priest. The friends of Czuczor defended 

 him against what they stigmatised as a revival of mediaeval prejudice ; 

 but he was involved in a series of unequal contests with his ecclesiasti- 

 cal superiors. His ' Poetical Works ' were prohibited at Vienna, and 

 he was forbidden to publish anything without submitting it to the 

 previous censure of the Abbot of St. Martin, to whose jurisdiction he 

 belonged. Czuczor had at that time just entered into engagements to 

 contribute to the ' Athenseurn,' a periodical established by Schedel at 

 Pesth, on the plan of the English ' Athenreum,' aud the only effect of 

 this injunction was that his articles did not appear in his own name 

 but under different signatures, among others of Andddi, which was 

 sufficiently transparent, as the name of his birthplace was AnddJ. 

 The abbot of St. Martin's revoked the permission which had been 

 given him to reside at Pesth to attend to his secretaryship, and recalled 

 him to his convent. 



For some years Czuczor again pursued his course in comparative 

 obscurity as a Benedietine, though he was entrusted with the delivery 

 of lectures, which were attended by numerous audiences, and occupied 

 himself with some literary labours, among others a translation of 

 Sparks's ' Life of Washington.' The death of some of his ecclesiastical 

 superiors produced a relaxation of the severity with which he had 



