DALUOUSIE, MARQUIS OF 



CALL AWAY, REV. J&MES. 



492 



distinct by their places as the middle and two extremes of a right 

 line can make them. The rules of practice are two : 1. Touch the 

 places of the vowels with a cross touch with any finger of the right 

 hand. 2. Poynt to the consonants with the thumb of the right 



i^=\ \Y 





band. Thi i is all that I think to be needful for explaining the scheme, 

 so far as concerns the single letters " Dalgarno'g works were privately 

 reprinted by Lord Cockburn and Mr. Thomas Maitland, and presented 

 to tha Maitlaml Club of Glasgow. 



* DALHOUSIE, JAMES ANDREW BROUN RAMSAY, tenth 

 Earl and first Marquia of, was born in 1812. His father was a general 

 in (he army, employed in the Peninsular war and at Waterloo, waa 

 fur a time governor of Canada, and commander of the forces in India 

 from 1823 to 1832. James was the third son by the heiress of the 

 Brouns of Colstoun in Haddingtonshiro. He was educated at Harrow, 

 and subsequently at Chri-tchurcb, Oxford, where he was fourth class 

 in classics (1833), and graduated M.A. in 1838. By the deaths of his 

 elder brothers he became Lord Ramsay in 1832, and in 1834 he strove 

 for a seat in the House of Commons, contesting Edinburgh against 

 Sir John Campbell, now Lord Campbell, and James Abercrombie, after- 

 warJs speaker of the House of Commons and Lord Dunferuiline. 

 Ho was unsuccessful then, but ill 1837 he was returned forthe county 

 in' Haddingtou. In 1838, on his father's death, he was called to the 

 House of Lords, where he showed great attention to business details, 

 but did not distinguish himself as a speaker. He first entered official 

 life in 1843, during the ministry of Sir Robert Peel, to whom his 

 business habits had recommended him. He was appointed Vice- 

 President of the Board of TraJe, and in 1844 became President of the 

 mine department In these offices he actively investigated all the 

 details of the railway system, made himself acquainted with the 

 t'mnnoial and practical management of railways, and framed r-gnla- 

 tious for the conduct of the numerous bills that were pressed upon 

 parliament during the railway mania of 1844-45. His reforms and 

 improvements in the Board of Trade had been so extensive and so 

 jmlicious, that on the accession of Lord John Russell to office in 

 1846, Lord Dalhousie was requested to retain his position, with which 

 request he complied. 



Towards the close of 1847 Lord Hardingo was re-called from India, 

 and the governor-generalship of that country was offered to Lord 

 Dalhousie. He went to India with a plan of action already formed 

 on certain principles, and to those principles he firmly adhered during 

 tho eight years of his government. He felt that the pacific policy of 

 bis predecessors had not succeeded, and that situated as India was, it 

 rti'juired to be ruled by a firm and uncompromising hand. When he 

 entered on the government of that country peace prevailed. But a 

 long continuance of peace could scarcely be expected among 120 

 millions of subjects, between whom and ourselves conflicting interests 

 and tho variety of caste and opinion are apt to raise constant hostilities 

 and feuds. On reaching Calcutta, Lord Dalhousie lost no time in 

 proclaiming his policy : " We are lords paramount of India, and our 

 policy is to acquire as direct a dominion over the territories in pos- 

 session of the native princes, as we already hold over the other half 

 of Indi* " Soon after his arrival, news was brought that British 

 oliicer* were murdered at Mooltan, and that Moolraj was in revolt; 

 1,'inl Dalhousie marched a force into the north-western provinces, 

 defeated the Sikhs and Afghans, and annexed tho Panjab to our 

 dominions in the East. When little mora than two years were passed, 

 the government of India found itself involved in hostilities with 

 Burtnab, where British traders 'had been insulted by tho officers f 

 the King of Ava, Remonstrance proving useless, Lord Dalbousio 



despatched an expedition against Pegu, and in a few weeks the entire 

 coast of Burmah was in his hands. Finding that the King of Ava 

 still refused our just demands, he ordered the British troops to occupy 

 Pegu, and incorporated it with our dominions. This was effected 

 at the close of 1852 ; from that time to the eud of his administration 

 our Indian empire enjoyed comparative peace. The rich districts of 

 Nagpore, Sattara, Jhausie, Berar, and Oude were ssverally annexed to 

 our possessions by Lord Dalhousie, either in consequence of the failure 

 of rightful heirs among the native dynasties, or else to put an end to 

 the cruelty and oppression which those princes exercised towards 

 their own subjects. It is almost needless to add that the social condi- 

 tion of each of the annexed provinces has proportionably improved. 



During this time fireat changes were effected by Lord Dalhousie in 

 tho government and civilisation of India, and in the development of 

 its resources. A yearly deficiency in the revenue was converted into 

 a surplus until the years 1S53-54 and 1854-55, when, chiefly in conse- 

 quence of the vast public improvements undertaken, there was a 

 deficiency of nearly half a million. The shipping of India doubled 

 in tonnage, a Legislative Council was organised, the civil service was 

 thrown open to competition, the annual accounts were expedited, and 

 prison discipline was improved under the superintendence of Mr. 

 Thomason. A system of uniform cheap postage was also introduced 

 by Lord Dalhousie ; a large portion of the Peninsula intersected by 

 railways, and all the large towns brought into immediate connection 

 by means of the electric telegraph, laid down by Dr. O'Shaughnessy, 

 4000 miles having been constructed and placed in working orjer 

 between November 1853 and February 1856. The manufacture of 

 salt, the production of cotton, tea, and flax, the breeding of sheep, 

 and the improvement of agricultural implements none of these 

 points were too trivial for Lord Dalhousic's attention. The develop- 

 ment of the resources of the country in iron, coal, and other minerals, 

 is a matter on which he bestowed peculiar care ; and measures were 

 also taken for the preservation of the forests, and for making their 

 produce available. At the same time a new and uniform survey of 

 tho ceded districts was commenced, and the limits of subject states 

 accurately defined. Irrigation on a large scale was effected in Ssinde, 

 .Ma Iras, and Bombay ; ths navigation of the Ganges, Indus, Nerbudda, 

 and Burrampooter was improved ; grand trunk roads were carried to 

 Delhi, through the Panjab, and to Patna, and others made in Pegu 

 and Scinde. A road is also being constructed from Hindustan to the 

 frontiers of Tibet, commencing from the plains of the Sutlej ; and 

 another is in progress from Arracan over the Yomah ridge to Pegu. 

 The most stupendous work however which signalised his government 

 was the Ganges Canal, carried out by the skill and energy of Sir 

 Proby T. Cautley. Under his vigilant authority also the department 

 of public works was reformed throughout, and a college founded to 

 train young men specially in civil engineering. Schools and colleges 

 were established and placed under government inspection, and the 

 education of female natives provided for. The most strenuous efforts 

 were at the same time made for the eradication of the systems of 

 Suttee and Thuggee, and the practice of infanticide. The condition 

 of the European soldiers was likewise greatly improved. Provision 

 was also made for both Protestant and Roman Catholic worship, ou 

 equal terms, and extensive changes were made in matters of criminal 

 and civil justice. Lord Dalhousie was also the author of another 

 important alteration in Indian administration : he required the govern- 

 ment of each presidency, each lieutenant-governor, and tho chiuf 

 officer of every province, to send in to the governor-general an annual 

 report of the chief events that occurred within their several juris- 

 diction*, iu order to test the progress mado by the nation at large. 



For his successes in the Panjab, Lord Dalhousie was raised to a 

 marquisate in 1849 ; and on his return to England in May 1856, with 

 shattered health and a broken constitution, the East India Company 

 settled on him a life pension of 5000/. a year. He had previously 

 been appointed to the Wardenship of the Cinque Ports on the death 

 of the late Duke of Wellington in 1852. 



(Lord Dalhousie, Minute, reviewing his administration in India.) 



DALLAWAY, REV. JAMES, was born at Bristol February 20, 1763. 

 He was educated at the grammar-school, Cirencester, and at Trinity 

 College, Oxford, where he became known by his talent for versifica- 

 tion. Ho took his M.A. degree in 1784, bat failed in being elected 

 Fellow of his college on account, it is said, of some satirical verses he 

 had written. For several years he served as curate, and whilst so 

 acting became editor of ' Bigland's Collections for Gloucestershire." and 

 took the degree of M.B. at Oxford in 17U4. About 1795 tho Duko of 

 Norfolk, to whom he had dedicated his ' Origin of Heraldry," obtained 

 him the appointment of chaplain and physician to the embassy at 

 Constantinople, and on his return to England Mr. Dallaway published 

 'Constantinople, Ancient and Modern, with Excursions to the Shores 

 and Islands of the Archipelago, and to the Troad," 4to, 1797. Some 

 years later he contributed to the ' Archteologia," vol. xiv., a paper ' Ou 

 tlie Walls of Constantinople.' In 1797 tlie Duke of Norfolk as Earl 

 Marshal appointed Mr. Dallaway his official secretary, and in 1799 

 his grace gave him tlie rectory of South Stoke in Sussex, and in 1801 

 the vicarage of Leatherhead in Surrey. Hu resigned South Stoke 

 in 1803 for the sinecure rectory of Sliufold. During his early years 

 Mr. Dallaway devoted a good deal of attention to the suuject of 

 heraldry, and his first original publication was ' Enquiries into the 



