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DA1CASUS II. 



DANBY, FRANCI3, A.R.A. 



Dmau* held Mveral council* for the purpoM of condemning heretics. 

 Hid especially the Arians, the Apolliuarian*, and the l.u.'if.-ri nin. He 

 alto wu requested by the ea-t*ni churches to decide dispute* which 

 bad arin among them, particular!; on the subject of tbo election of 

 Flavianus to the Me of Aotiooh. Among the eaitern bishop* who 

 repaired to Kome on that occasion was Epiphanius, biihop of Cyprus, 

 accompanied by St. Jerome, who had acquired during hi r id-uee in 

 Syria and Palatine a great reputation for theological learning. Jerome 

 became intimate with I >amasu, and a said to hare acted a* hi* secretary. 

 It wat not nntil the death of Datuastis, which happened in 384, that 

 Jerome finally returned to the east, where he died. 



There are a few letters of Damaiu* which have been preserved by 

 Theodoretu* and St Jerome. Other letter* and verse*, a* well an a 

 Liber Pontifical;*, which have been publish- d under hi* name, are now 

 coa>idered apocryphal. The church of San Lorenzo in Damaso at 

 Rome has derived it* name from him, as he U believed to have been 

 the founder of a church on the *[>ot where the present structure stand*, 

 and where he wa* burie.l. Damuas was one of the most learned and 

 influential among the earlier bishops of Home. He wa* succeeded 

 by Syriciun. 



DAMASUS II. (Poppo, bishop of Brizen) was elected pope in 1048, 

 in the room of Benedict IX., who had been deposed by the council of 

 Sutri for hi* misconduct. He died, twenty-three day* after hi* election, 

 at Paleatrina, and wa* succeeded by Leo IX. 



IiAMlE'NS, ROBERT FRANCOIS, wa* born in 1715. in a village 

 of Artoia, where hi* father had a small farm. He enlisted in the 

 army, which he left at the peace, and went to Paris, where he engaged 

 a* a menial, fint in the College of the Jesuits, and afterwords in 

 several families: he wag r-peatedly turned out of his situation on 

 account of misconduct. While he was unemployed he used to attend 

 the great hall of the Palace of Justice, which wa* then the rendezvous 

 of those who were styled Janienists. At that time France wu* 

 distracted by the long quarrel concerning the bull Uuigenitns. 

 [CLCXEST XL] The parliament of Paris disapproved of the bull, 

 although it had been forced by the court to register it. Several of thn 

 parish clergy expressed a similar opinion, and were on that account 

 luspended from their functions by their bishops, who were in general 

 favourable to the prerogatives of the court of Rome. The clergymen 

 thus laid under interdict appealed to the parliament, which returned 

 a decision favourable to them. Upon this the court and the bishops 

 attacked the parliament, several of whose members were imprisoned 

 by lettres de cachet. The supposed miracles of the AliW Paris, brother 

 of a councillor of parliament, and a sturdy oppoier of the bull, excited 

 the minds of the people, and created a sect of fanatic*, called 

 'convulsionnaires,' or 'shakers.' The archbishop of Paris refused the 

 sacramenU, not only to the shaken, but to all those suspected of 

 Jansenism, that is to say, opposed to the bull The parliament issued 

 arrl'ts to oblige the local clergy to administer the sacraments. The 

 king cashiered thee arrets. The outcry now became general against 

 the archbi'hop, the ministers, and the king ; France was threatened 

 with a schism and a war of religion. Louis XV. had then for his 

 mistress Madame de Pompadour, who was generally disliked on 

 account of her haughtiness and prodigality. All these complaints 

 seem to have made a deep though confused impression on the excitable 

 but ignorant mind of Daiuiens. Gamier, a servant of one of the 

 councillor* of parliament, acknowledged that he had beard liim speak 

 very violently in defence of the parliament, and against the archbishop 

 of Paris, It would seem that Damiens wa* particularly irritated at 

 the archbishop refusing the sacrament* to so many people, and that he 

 fancied that by killing or at least wounding the king he would effect a 

 change in the system of government, and put down the archbishop 

 and his party. However this may br, Damiens went to Versailles ; 

 and on the 5th of January 1757, about five in the afternoon, as Louis 

 wa* stopping into his carriage, Datnieim, who had made hi* way 

 unobserved among the attendants, stabbed him en the right side with a 

 knife. The wound was slight, and the king after a few day* recovered. 

 It is worthy of remark that the knife had two blades, of which 

 Damient u*ed the shorter, which seem* to confirm what he stated on 

 his interrogatory, that he did not intend to kill the king, but only to 

 frghten him and give him a warning. He did Dot attempt to run 

 away, bat WM secured, examined, and put to the torture. He wa* 

 afterwards removed to Paris, and committed for trial before tho 

 grand* hambre of parliament, to which the king wrote a letter in 

 which he demanded "a signal vengeance." D.m.ieni wa* condemned 

 a* a regicide to be broken alive by four horses. The sentence was 

 itsd on the 28th of March 1767, on the Place de Grove. Before 

 put to death, he was tortured for ooe hour and a-half nn the 



place of execution with red hot pinrMr, molten lead, resin, wax, and 

 sjlbsT cruel contrivances. All ton windows and roofs of the houses 

 wound were filled with spectators, men and women, among whom 

 wsr many ladies of rank. It WM altogether on* of the most disgraceful 

 exhibits* that ever took place in a civilised country. Damiens 

 acknowledged DO accomplices, and it doe* not appear that he had any. 

 Hn crime ws the act of a weak and disordered mind. 



(Breton, Piica trig, ttproctd. d* pncii fait A R. P. Damifnt, Par. 

 4lo, 1767 ; Vu dt R. P. -framient. Par. 17/.7 ; /fiiloirt da Parlemtnt de 

 ' ; Voltaire, Sitdt dt Lou,, X V. ; Caatr* fWbra.) 



D.VMPIKK, WILLIAM, WM born in 1652, of a Somersetshire 



family; he went early to sea, served in the war against the Dutch, 

 and afterward* became overseer of a plantation in Jamaica. He 

 thenco went to the Bay of Cauipeachy with other IKWU l cutters, 

 and remained there Mveral years. He kept a joiim.il of his adventure* 

 and observation* on that coast, which was afterwards 

 ' Voyages to tbs Bay of Cum peachy,' London 17-1', with a ' Treatise 

 on Winds and Tides:' D*mpi<-r, besides being a bold seaman, had 

 also studied navigation as a scit-nce. In 1679 he joined a party of 

 buccaneers, with whom he crossed the Isthmus of 1) irieu, and having 

 embarked in Cannes and other small cr.ifi on the Pacific Ocean, they 

 captured several Spanish vessels, in which they cruised along the coast 

 of Spanish America, waging a war of extermination both by sea and 

 laud against the subjects of Spain. In 1084 Dam ngnia 



froaa Virginia with another expedition, which doubled Cape Horn 

 and cruUed along the coasts of Chile, Peru, and Mexico, making 

 depredations upon the Spaniards. From the coast of Mexico they 

 steered for the Ea<t Indies, touched at Australia, and after sov. ral 

 adventure* in the Indian Seas, Dampier weut ou rhore at Ben< 

 from whence he found bis way back to England in 1091, w: 

 published his ' Voyage round the World,' a most interc-ting account, 

 and which attract^! considerable attention. His abilities becoming 

 known, he was appointed commander of n sloop of war in the king's 

 service, and was sent on a voyage of discovery to the South Seas. 

 Dampier explored the west and north-west coasts of Australia, sur- 

 veyed Shark's Bay, and gave his name to a small archipelago oast of 

 North-west Cape. He also explored the coast* of New Guinea, New 

 Britain, and New Ireland, and gave hi* name to the straits which 

 separate the two former; on his homeward voyage he was wrecked on 

 the Isle of Ascension. He at last returned to England in 1701, when 

 he published the account of this voyage. In 1707 he published 

 ' Vindication of his Voyage to the South Seas in the ship St. George,' 

 with which, ho had Bailed from Virginia in bis former marauding 

 expedition. Dampier went to sea again till 1711, but the particulars 

 of the latter port of his life are little known. He ranks among the 

 most enterprising navigators of England. He was acquainted with 

 botany, and was poisessed of considerable information and general 

 knowledge. His style of narrative is vivid, and bears the marks of 

 truth. His voyages were published together iu 3 vols. 8vo, London, 

 1697-1709. 



DANA, RICHARD HENRY, wu born at Cambridge, near 

 Boston, United States, November 15th, 1767. He completed his edu- 

 cation at Harvard College, and wa* called to the bar; but after 

 practising for a short time, he was compelled to abandon the legal 

 profession by the state of his health, and he directed his attention to 

 literature and politics. About 1817 ho began to write a series of 

 article* on the British poet* in the ' North American Review.' HH 

 articles excited a good deal of attention, and ho became associated in 

 the management of the review ; but in 1820 ceased to be connected 

 with it. He then started on his own account a periodical called 

 ' The Idle Man,' but its career closed with the completion of the fint 

 volume. In this work appeared his story of ' Tom Thornton,' which, 

 when republished in a separate form, became very popular. In 1825 

 Mr. Dana wrote his first poem, the 'Dying Raven,' for the 'New 

 York Review,' and the admintion it excited led him to publish in 

 1827 a volume entitled 'The Buccaneer, and other Poems.' The 

 ' Buccaneer ' never became what is termed popular; but its sterling 

 excellence and fine manly tone obtained for it n circle of warm 

 admirers. In 1833 Mr. Dana published a collected edition of his 

 ' Poems and Prose Writings,' and a new edition in 2 vol., 8vo, 

 appeared in 1850. Of late years Mr. Dana has written only mis- 

 cellaneous essays and a few minor poems, most of which wero 

 incorporated in the last edition of his works. His only other public 

 appearance* have been a* a lecturer on poets and poetry. He is how- 

 ever understood to be engaged in preparing for publication the papen 

 of hi* brother-in-law, Washington Allston, the great American painter. 

 Mr. Dana ha* written comparatively little, but his works are of a 

 more finished character, and more sober in style and cast of thought, 

 than is usual among bis countrymen, and he is altogether ona of her 

 literary son* of whom America is ju-tly proud. 



The family of Dana is one in which eminent ability has been here- 

 ditary. For some generations his ancestors were noticeable men. 

 His father FRANCIS DAA (born 1742, died 1811), an ardent actor in 

 the Revolution, accompanied John Adams to Paris iu 1779 as secretary 

 of legation ; in the following year he wa* appointed by Conges* 

 iiiinist r plenipotentiary to the court of Russia ; and he subsequently 

 became chi.-f justice of Massachusetts. The ton f the pout and 

 essayist, RICHARD HENRY DANA, Junior, is well known to tho 

 English public as the author of the remarkable work, Two Yean 

 befi.ro the Matt,' which ha* been several times reprinted in thU 

 country; be ha* alw> written 'The Seaman's Friend, a Trcati'e on 

 Practical Seaman-hip,' of which tho fourth edition wa< published at 

 Boston in 1815. Mr. K. H. Dana, Junior, is now in good practice a* a 

 barrister at Boston. (GriowoM, Poet*, and Prose Writers of Ant' 



DANBY, KUANVH, A. R. A., was born nt Wexford, Ireland, 

 November 16, 1793. Ho received his earliest lessons in design iu the 

 School of Arts, Dublin, and exhibited his lirxt picture* in 18,2 at the 

 exhibition in that city. In 1 -20 he removed to r'nglntid, and took up 

 his abodo in Hrurtol. He tent itomo pictures to the Royal Academy 



