ur 



DELUO, JEAN ANDRE. 



DBMADB8, 



inquired into. Ifelonne wu associated with Priuiati. ci in the 

 cccction of the monument of FraucU I., and that of the Valois princes 

 at St lUuys i taken down in 1719), but the designs were made by 

 Primaticcio. Among work* of a more strictly architectural nature, 

 lie built the C'hAteau da Hcudon for the Cardinal de Lorraine, and 

 completed the Cbiteau de Madrid in the Bois do Boulogne at Paris ; 

 but hi* work at the Utter building was inferior to that of his prede- 

 cessor*. To these may be added the Court (en fer de cheval) at 

 Fontoinebleau ; the royal scats of Villers-Cotterets, do la Miu-tt-. 

 and St Gerti.aiue-cu-Leye ; and the celebrated Chateau d'Anet, built 

 for the Duchess de Valeutinois, better known a* Diane de Poitiers. 

 Of these buildings, such as remain at all have been so altered at 

 different times that their original character is nearly effaced ; but of 

 the Chateau d'Auet the portal, or lofty centre compartment, i< ) re- 

 served by having been taken down and re-erected as a restoration in 

 the court of the &cole des Beaux Arts at Paris. The reputation 

 however obtained by that monument for Philibort i>, Collet assures 

 UK, in reality due to Jean Delorme, hU brother. On the death of 

 II. mi II. (1559) ho uot only lost his appointment of lioyal Auim'mier, 

 but fell into disgrace with the new king Francis II. Neverthtl, .-, 

 the queen-mother continued her protection, and he wan accordingly 

 intrusted by her with the works of her new palace of the Tuileries 

 (1564) ; but it is for from certain whether Delorme or Bullont, who 

 was also engaged upon the Tuileriet, had the greater share in the 

 original structure. According to Callct, it waa BulUuit who was the 

 author of the general design of the palace ; for Delorme, in the dedi- 

 cation of his works to Catherine (1567), takes credit to himself only 

 for the ' Ionic order ' and some other minor parts, but carefully avoids 

 mentiouiug the name of the other architect. What Delorme' 8 talent 

 and taste really were, may perhaps be pretty well judged of by a 

 upecirnen which no one will envy him the credit if. u.iiuely, the house 

 which he erected for himself in the Hue de la Ciris.iio, oud of which 

 Callet exhibits two elevations and a ground-plan ; for it is of studied 

 inconvenience as a dwelling, and very far from handsome as a design. 

 It waa there that Pbilibert died, May SO, 1577, at the age of fifty-nine. 

 Ho wrote a work entitled ' Nouvelles Inventions pour bien bat ir ii petit 

 fraie,' 1'ari*, 1551, which contains much useful practical information 

 in regard to the carpentry of roofs and domes. 



Of his brother, JEAN DELORME, no particulars have como down to 

 us a circumstance that is accounted for by the fact that Philibert 

 took care that he should be considered as a mere subordinate. The 

 probability if, that Jean died some time before his brother. 



(Callct, A'otice J/ittoriyuc tur yutlqua Architects Fran fait du 

 Seititme Kticlt, Paris, 1843.) 



I'KLUV. .IKAN ANDBB, was born at Geneva in 1727. His 

 Francois Deluc, was a watch manufacturer, not only skilful in 

 his trade, tut conversant with othir branches of knowledge, and a 

 writer upon religious and political matters. His son also took port in 

 the disputes between the uegatifc and the rcpreseutans, or aristocratic 

 and democratic parties, of his native republic, to the latter of which he 

 belonged ; and* he was tent, in 1763, by his fellow-representatives to 

 Paris to plead their cause with the Duke of Choiseul, the prime 

 minister in France. On his return in 1770 he was made a member 

 of the legislative council ; but not long afterwards ho left Geneva and 

 its politics for England, to devote himself entirely to scientific pur- 

 suits, lie had frum on early age applied himself to the study of 

 geology, and had made excursions into the Alps, while his brother 

 lovesticatod the mountains of Italy for the same object. His own 

 words best explain his purpose: "Jly brother and I entered together 

 upon our geological career while I yet lived at Geneva, and after a 

 certain period we came to a first conclusion, which from thut time has 

 been our guide, namely, that an essential distinction was to bo made 

 among the various phenomena which the surface of the earth exhibits, 

 with respect to their causes, by determining as to e.ich of them 

 whether the causes which have produced it are Btill in action, or have, 



at some epoch, ceased to act. Continuing our observations, we 



came at length to a conviction that the formation of our continents, 

 with rsfard both to their composition and general form, as well as 

 their existence above the level of the a, should be ascribed to causes 

 no longer in action on our globe, and that the whole of the effects of 

 tho still-existing causes have been limited to a modification of that 

 original sUle. After having quitted Geneva, I continued my observa- 

 tions in various countries, and more particularly on the sea coast ; my 

 brother likewise pursued his, and we communicated our remarks to 

 each other. I saw the possibility of determining, by the action of 

 actual causes, what bad bten the state of our continent* at their 

 birth, and also the possibility of determining the time elapsed since 

 that period. I then wrote my first geological work, ' Lettres Physiques 

 et Morales sur 1'llistoire do la Terre ct de 1'HomnnV 8vo, La Haye, 

 1778." Tbete letters were addressed to Queen Charlotte, consort of 

 George 111., who appointed Dcluc her reader. They relate only to 

 the Alps of Switzerland ; but in the following year appeared a con- 

 tinuation of the work, under the same title, including Deluo's travels 

 through Bhenuh Germany, Hanover, Friesland, Holland, Belgium, Ac., 

 in 6 thick vok. Svo. These letters are not merely scientific treatises ; 

 they are also descriptive of scenery, of the inhabitant*, and tu- ir 

 manners; they contain statistical and moral observations, and many 

 of them are full of interest even to the general reader. One great 



conclusion which Deluc came to from all bis observations was, that 

 the present continents were left dry by a great and sudd, n revolution 

 of comparatively recent occurrence, uot more than four or five 

 thousand years since, which revolution buried under the sea the 

 countries previously inhabited. Tuu opinion has been also main- 

 tained by Sauasure, Dolomieu, and for awhile by Cuvier. IMuc 

 agreed with Saussure in considering that the materials which form 

 our mountains were first deposited in horizontal and continuous 

 strata, and that their present broken and dislocated state is tho eOfeot 

 of subsequent catastrophes, which however were previous to that 

 which left them dry. Deluc's whole system concerning the various 

 epochs of the creation corresponding to the six days, or rather 

 period*, of Genesis, appears in several of his numerous works, and 

 especially in his ' Lettres Gcologiques sur 1 Histoire do la Terre,' 

 addressed to Blumenbach, 1798 ; in his ' Traito" KlemouUirc de 

 Goologie,' 1808, which was also published in English ; and iu his 

 'Geological Travels in the North of Europe and in England,' 3 vols. 

 Svo, London, 1810. Deluc mado also many observations on the 

 atmosphere, and the phenomena of air, heat, and light He wrote 

 ' Kechcrches sur lea Modifications de 1' Atmosphere, couteuant 1 His- 

 toire critique du Baromctre et du T heruiouietre, un traitu sur hi 

 construction de ces instruuiens, des experiences relatives a luurs 

 usages, et principalement a la mesure des hauteurs, ot a U correction 

 des refractions moyeunes; avco figures,' 3 vols. 4to, Geneva, 177 

 It is perhaps in this branch of experimental philosophy that Deluc 

 rendered the most positive services to science. He made groat 

 improvements in the barometer, especially as applied to the measure- 

 ment of heights. He also wrote ' Mdmoire sur un Hygroaictre com- 

 parable presente" a la Societo Hoy ale de Londres.' Among his other 

 works may be mentioned, ' Idcea sur la MetiSorologie, 17?o; 'Intro- 

 duction a la Physique Terrostre par les Fluides expansible*,' 1803; 

 ' Traito Elumentoire bur le Fluide Electro-Calvanique,' 1801. 



Deluc's earnestness in availing himself of his geological observations 

 to prove the veracity of the Mosaic narrative iuvolved him in contro- 

 versial correspondence with several of his contemporaries, and par- 

 ticularly with Dr. Teller of Berlin: 'Lettres sur le Christian -me, 

 addressees an Dr. Teller,' 1801 ; ' Carrespondance particulic.ro eutre le 

 Doctcur Teller et J. A. Deluc,' in French and German, 1303-4 ; and 

 also with Professor Reimarus of Hamburg, ' Auuouco d'un Ouvrage 

 de M. J. A. Reimarus cur la Formation du Globe, par J. A. IMuc,' 

 Hanover, 1803. But though Deluc was earnest iu his r< 

 conviction, and in supporting it by arguments, his spirit was far from 

 being intolerant, ss he shows in numerous passages of his works, and 

 especially in his ' DUcours sur la Toldranoe,' in the first volume of 

 the ' liistoiro de la Terre ct de 1'Homme.' He was a great admirer of 

 Bacon, and wrote ' 1'nScis de la Philosophic de Bacon, ct do* Progres 

 qu'ont fait les Sciences Naturellea par tea Preceptes et son Example,' 

 2 villa. Svo, Paris, 1802. He wrote also on education : ' Lcttrcs sur 

 1 Education Religieuse de 1'Eufance, precddc'ea ot suivies de details 

 historiques,' Svo, 17U9; besides many other memoirs, treatises, Ac,, 

 which appeared in tho ' Journal des Scnvans,' ' Transactions Philoso- 

 phiques,' aud other scientific journals, French, English, and German. . 

 He was a member of the lioyal Societies of London, Dublin, and 

 Oio'ttingen, and correspondent of the academies of Paris, Montpellier, 

 Sic. He was appointed iu 1 798 professor of philosophy and geology 

 in the University of Gottiugen. Ho passed several years in Germany, 

 at Berlin, Hanover, Brunswick, ic. After tho battle of Jena he 

 returned to England, where he passed the remainder of his life, chiefly 

 at Windsor, where his situation of reader to tho queen gave him 

 free access to the royal family, l>y tho members of which he was much 

 respected. He died at Windsor, November 1817, iu hU ninety-first 

 year. His brother and fellow-observer, Uuillauiuo Antoiue Deluc, 

 died at Geneva in 1812, aud left a rich collection of mineralogy, which 

 was increased by his son Andr<5 Deluo, who wrote an ' Histoire du 

 Passage des Alpes par Annibal,' Geneva, 1818. 



I '!.. \IADES, an Athenian orator aud demagogue, contemporary 

 \\i-ii Demosthenes. According to Suidas he was originally a sailor; 

 according to Proclus a fishmonger. He took the part of Philip in the 

 Uljiithian affiur, and was liberally rewarded by thut prince, who 

 received him well when he fell into his hands after tho battle of 

 Clieeronea. He was mainly instrumental in bringing about tho peace 

 between Macedon and Athens, which followed that victory. (Demosth., 

 ' de Corona,' p. 820.) When Alexander, in B.C. 335, demanded that 

 the Athenian orators who were opposed to him should be delivered 

 into Us hands, Demades induced him to n-lin.jiii-h his claim. (Oiod., 

 xvii. 15; 1'lut, ' Dem.,' c. xxiil) Demados seems to have yielded to 

 the bribery of Harpalus. (Dinarch., o. ; Demosth., p. 101.) It appears 

 that he was concerned with Phocion in delivering up Athens to Anti- 

 pater. (Corn. Neixjs. ' Phoc. II.') In B.C. 318 he went on sn cmba-o-y 

 to Antipater to indutt him to remove the garrison from Munychia, 

 and took his eon Deineas with him. Unfortunately, a letter which he 

 bad written to Perdiccas fell into the hands of Cossander, and in 

 revenge for the offensive terms in which Antipater was alluded to in 

 it, that prince put to death the orator and his son. Cicero (' Brut,' 9) 

 and Quintilian lii. 17, S 18 ; xii. 10, 49) assert that ho did not write 

 anything; but a fragment of his speech in defence of his twelve 

 years' administration (6wip rijs JwJotaTi'ai) a still extant, aud Suidas 

 attributes to him a history of Dolor, and of the birth of the children 



