DERHAM, REV. WILLIAM, D.D. 



DE3AGULIEUS, JOHN THEOPHILUS, D.D. 



570 



connections, have enabled him ever since to be, whether in or out of 

 office, one of our foremost political men. From 1826 to 1830 he sat 

 as member for Preston. In this latter year, having been nominated 

 to the post of Under-Secretary for the Colonies under the short 

 Goderich administration, he was thrown out by the constituency of 

 Preston, who elected the democratic favourite Henry Hunt iu his 

 stead. He found a seat however in Windsor, which was vacated by 

 Sir Hussey Vivian iu his favour. He sat for Windsor till 1832, when 

 he waa elected for North Lancashire ; which county he continued to 

 represent during ti:e remainder of his stay in the Lower House. The 

 death of his grandfather in 1834, by raising his father to the earl- 

 dom, devolved on him the courtesy-title of Lord Stanley. This same 

 year brought about a change in his political relations. Since 1830 he 

 had been officially attached to the Reform ministry of Lord Grey 

 first as Chief Secretary for Ireland (1830-33), and then ai Secretary 

 of State for the Colonies (1833-34); and in both capacities he sig- 

 iialiaed himself by his energy and his eloquence. During the Reform 

 1U11 debates, in particular, his services as a speaker on the reform 

 side were of the first order. In 1834 however he, along with Sir 

 James Oiraham, the Duke of Richmond, and Lord Ripou, separated 

 from Earl Grey, on the question of the farther reduction of the Irish 

 Ecclesiastical E&tablishnjent. Since that time accordingly he has 

 taken part in British politics uniformly as a Conservative. In 1841 

 he took cilice in SSir Robert Peel's Conservative mini-try, in his old 

 post of Colonial Secretary ; and of this ministry he was an active 

 member till 1845. In order that the ministry might have the ad>-an- 

 tage of his services in the Upper House, he was in 1844 raised to that 

 House by the chance of his courtesy-title of Lord Stanley into the 

 real title of Baron Stanley of Bickerstaffe. Shortly after this eleva- 

 tion, Sir Robert Peel's growing determination towards a free trade 

 policy effected a separation between him and Lord Stanley. No 

 booner had Sir Robert carried the repeal of the Corn-Laws, than his 

 Colleague placed himself at the head of what has since that time been 

 known aa the Protectionist party. The efforts of this party, with 

 such men as Lord Stanley, Lord George Beutinck, and Mr. Disraeli 

 to lead them, were directed to the disorganisation both of the Wings 

 and of the Peelite Conservative party ; and with such success that, at 

 length, on the dissolution of the Whig Cabinet of Lord John Russell 

 in February 1852, the Protectionist Conservatives were called into 

 office. Of this ministry the Karl of Derby (raised to that rank by 

 the death of his father, June 30, 1851), was the First LorJ, with Mr. 

 Disraeli for Chancellor of the Exchequer and leader in the Commons. 

 The ministry lasted till December 1852; but during iU ten months 

 of office did not carry any measures of a peculiarly Protectionist 

 character. Defeated on the financial policy of Mr. Disraeli in 

 December 1852, Lord Derby resigned, and Lord Aberdeen and the 

 Coalition ministry came into office. On the fall of this ministry in 

 1855 Lord Derby had another opportunity of constructing a Pro- 

 tectionist ministry, but he declined the task, on the ground that, in 

 the existing state of parties, no ministry that he could form could 

 stand its ground. Accordingly, at the present moment (1856), Lord 

 Lerby's position in the politics of his country is that of leader of a 

 general, rather than a strictly Protectionist, opposition to the policy of 

 Lord Palinerston. The conduct of the war with Russia and the 

 management of the ues-ociations for peace (March 1856), have afforded 

 the molt recent materials for debate to Lord Derby and his associates. 

 Among otLer honours held by Lord Derby is that of Chancellor of 

 the University of Oxford : he has also been Lord Rector of Glasgow 

 University. He married in 1825 Emma Caroline, daughter of the 

 first Lord Skelmeredale, and has three children ; of whom the eldest, 

 Lord Stanley, M.P. (born 1826), is heir-apparent. 



DERHAM, ftEV. WILLIAM, D.D., an eminent English divine 

 and philosopher, was born at Stowton, near Worcester, in Novem- 

 ber 1657, and received his early education at Blockley in the same 

 county. He was admitted of Trinity College, Oxford, in 1675. Having 

 completed his academic studies, he was ordained, and iu 1685 was 

 instituted in the vicarage of Wargrave in Berkshire ; and four years 

 afterwards to the valuable rectory of Upminster in Essex, where he 

 spent the remainder of his life. To this residence he was much 

 attached ; mainly because it gave him, by its contiguity to London, 

 ample opportunities of associating with the scientific men of the metro- 

 polis. He was made canon of Windsor in 1716, and in 1730 he received 

 from his university the diploma of D.D. He devoted his attention, 

 with great earnestness, to natural and experimental philosophy. He 

 was enrolled a member of the Royal Society ; and he contributed a 

 considerable number of memoirs to its Transactions. These papers 

 prove him to have been a man of indefatigable research and careful 

 observation. 



His first publication was the 'Artificial Clock-Maker,' -which has 

 gone through three or four editions, and is considered a useful manual 

 even now. In 1711, 1712, and 1714, he preached those sermons at 

 Boyle's Lecture which he afterwards expanded into the well-known 

 works ' Physico-Theology ' and 'Astro-Theology,' or a demonstration 

 of the being and attributes of God from the works of creation and a 

 survey of the heavens, enriched with valuable notes, and good engrav- 

 ings after drawings of his own. His next separate work was ' Christo- 

 Theology,' or a demonstration of the divine authority of the Christian 

 religion, being the substance of a sermon preached in the Abbey 



BICKl. DIV. VOL. II. 



Church of Bath, in 1729. His last published work of his own was 

 entitled 'A Defence of the Church's Right iu LeasehoM Estates,' written 

 in answer to a work entitled ' An, Inquiry into the Customary Estates 

 and Tenaut-rights of those who hold lands of the Church aud other 

 Foundations.' It was published iu the name of Everard Fleetwood. 



Dr. Derham also published some of the works of tho naturalist Ray, 

 of which he had procured the manuscripts ; aud to him the world is 

 indebted for the publication of the philosophical experiments of Dr. 

 Hook. He also gave new editions of other of Ray's works, with valu- 

 able editions, original, aud from the author's manuscripts ; besides 

 editing other works of value, amongst which was the 'Miscellanea 

 Curiosa,' in 3 vols. small 8vo. 



A considerable number of his papers were printed in the ' Philoso- 

 phical Transactions,' from the 20th to the 39th volume inclusive, the. 

 principal of which are: 1, ' Experiments on Pendulums in Vacuo.' 

 2, ' Of an Instrument for finding the Meridian.' 3, ' Experiments 

 aud Observations on the Motion of Sound.' 4, 'On the Migration of 

 Birds.' 5, ' On the Spots on'the Sun from 1703 to 1711.' 6, ' Obser- 

 vations ou the Northern Lights, 8th October 1726, aud 13th October 

 1728.' 7, 'Tables of the Eclipses of Jupiter's Satellites.' 8, ' Differ- 

 ence of Time iu the Merediau of Different Places.' 9, ' On the 

 Meteor called Ignis Fatuus.' 10, ' The History of the Death-watch.' 

 11, ' Meteorological Tables,' for several years, 



Dr. Derham was of an ungainly appearance, small stature, and dis- 

 torted form. He was not only the moral aud religious benefactor of 

 his parishioners, aud of all those who came in his way, but he was 

 likewise their physician in sickness, aud their pecuniary friend in all 

 their difficulties. He died at his rectory in 1735. 



DERRICK, SAMUEL, was a native of Ireland, and born in 1724. 

 He was first a liuou-draper in Dubliu, then tried the stage, but not 

 succeeding in either of those occupations, became professionally an 

 author in London. A life of irregularity aud debauchery introduced 

 him to some fashionable acquaintances, whose influence procured his 

 appointment to succeed Beau Nash, in 1761, us master of the cere- 

 monies ut Batli and Tuubridge. His extravagant habits remaiued with 

 him there, and he died very poor, in March 1769. His avowed literary 

 works are of little importance ; they include ' Fortune, a Rhapsody,' 

 ' A View of the Stage," ' Letters from Liverpool, Chester, &c. ;' an 

 edition of Dryden, which did more credit to the printer than to the 

 editor; aud a translation of the third Satire of Juvenal. It ought to 

 be mentioned that Johnson, who knew Derrick, always speaks of him 

 with kindness ; and Boswell records that Derrick was his " first tutor 

 in tho ways of London .... both literary and sportive." 



DER2HAVIN, GABRIEL ROMANOV1TCH, the most distin- 

 guished lyric poet of Russia, was born at Kasau, 3rd July 1743. 

 After completing his education iu the Gymnasium of that city, he 

 commenced the usual military career by entering, in 1760, the 

 engineer service, in which the attention he guve to his mathematical 

 studies soon obtained for him promotion. He did not, however, rise 

 to the grade of lieutenant until 1774, when he was sent with hid corps 

 to reduce the rebel Pugachev, on which occasion he displayed much 

 bravery aud address. He coutiuued to advance in military promotion ; 

 but quitted the service on bein? appointed, iu 1784, a councillor of 

 state, and afterwards governor of Olonetz and of Tambov successively. 

 In 1791, Catharine bestowed ou him the office of secretary of state ; iu 

 1793 he was called to the senate, and the following year wa< made 

 president of the college of commerce. Various other appointments 

 followed, the last of which was that of minister of justice, in 1802 : 

 from which he retired the following year, ou a full-pay pension. He 

 died 6th July 1816. 



It was during the busiest portion of his career, both military and 

 official, that the finest of his odes were produced. Pre-eminent among 

 these, and perhaps hardly surpassed by any similar composition in auy 

 other language, is his ' Oda Bog ;' or, ' Address to the Deity,' a piece 

 full of sublimity both as regards the ideas and expressions. Indeed, 

 elevation of conception and nobleness of seutiment, no less than great 

 euergy and mastery of language, are striking characteristics of Derzha- 

 vin's poetry ; and if occasionally more negligent than Lomonosov, it is 

 because he is borne away by the intensity of his feelings. Ou the 

 other hand, he manifests greater freshness, originality, aud richness 

 than his predecessor; aud while he delights by the eloquence of his 

 lyre, he elevates and purifies the soul by the moral grandeur of his 

 strains. In the art of which he was so profound a master, he has shown 

 himself no less able as a theorist and critic by his treatise on Lyric 

 Poetry, printed in the ' Tchenie v Beseda;,' a miscellauy edited by a 

 society for the cultivation of the Russian language. Besides the essay 

 just mentioned, he wrote some other works in prose, among which is a 

 ' Topographical Description of the Government of Tambov.' A collec- 

 tion of his works was first printed in 1810, in four volumes; to which 

 was added another, shortly before his death. 



DESAGULIE11S, JOHN THEOPHILUS, D.D., was born at 

 Rochelle on the 12th of March 1683, and brou^ht.to England while an 

 infant by his father the Rev. John Desaguliers, a French Protestant 

 refugee, after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. His early educa- 

 tion he owed to the instructions of his father, who appears to have 

 been a very respectable scholar aud sound divine, aud at an early age 

 ho was sent to Christchurch, Oxford. In 1702, being then only 

 nineteen, he succeeded Dr. Keil in reading lectures ou Experimental 



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