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DOMENICIHNo. 



DOMIKIS, MARCUS ANTONIUS DE. 



Although intended for the use of Frenchmen, it does not include the 

 provincial peculiarities of tenure, but is nearly an echo of the Roman 

 law purified of matters peculiar to Roman habits and customs, and 

 thus it became a book for Europe at large. In 1722 it was translated 

 into English by William Stratum, ' with additional remarks on some 

 material difference* between the civil Uw and the law of England,' 

 2 Toll, folio. This translation is the most extensive systematic work 

 n the civil law in the English language. Domat paid great attention 

 to mercantile law, and it is believed that this translation has been of 

 extensive service in keeping the mercantile law in general, and the 

 admiralty and consistorial systems of England in unison with the r.ivil 

 law, and consequently with the practice of the rest of Europe. Domat' s 

 work used to be in high esteem in Scotland before the study of civil 

 law was neglected at the Scottish bar. A posthumous work by Domat, 

 ' Leguin Delectus, ex Libris Digostorum et Codicis,' was published at 

 Amsterdam in 1703, 4io. M. Victor Cousin wrote in the 'Journal dee 

 Savants,' 1843, a series of articles on Domat, in which ho published 

 some particulars respecting him previously little known. 



DOMENICHl'NO. DOMENl'CO ZAMPIERI, called DOMENI- 

 ' IIINo, was born at Bologna, in 1581, of poor parents. According 

 to some authorities, his first master was Denis Calvart; but Bellori 

 gives him Fiammingo for his first teacher. Fiainmingo, entertaining 

 a jealous dislike (says the biographer) to the Caracci, beat his pupil, 

 niul turned him out of doors, because he found the boy copying a 

 design by Annibale. On the occasion of bis dismissal being made 

 known to Agostino Caracci, he was admitted to the school of the 

 Caracci, and be soon gained one of the prizes which Lodovico cus- 

 tomarily distributed, much to the surprise of his fellow-students, who 

 li.-i 1 exj'i-cU; 1 little from a youth of his retiring awkward manners. 

 After visiting Parma, Domenichino went to Rome, where he studied 

 and worked for some time under Annibale Caracci. He afterwards 

 obtained the patronage of Cardinal Gierouitno Agucchi, and while he 

 lived in his house painted many pictures for him. Besides painting, 

 he studied architecture, and was appointed architect to the apostolic 

 palace by On-gory XV. After the death of that pontiff, finding him- 

 self somewhat reduced in circumstances, and receiving an invitation 

 to Naples, he removed thither with his wife and children. He died 

 at Naples, April 15, 1041. During his life he was much respected. 

 He formed a particularly strict friendship with Albano, in whose 

 house he lived for two years when ho first arrived in Rome. 



Douienichinu wav so slow in his early progress as to disappoint 

 many of his friends, and he had the appellation of Buo (ox) among 

 hi* fellow-students ; but Aunibala Caracci, who perceived in him the 

 marks of that genius which ho afterwards developed, told the jecrera 

 that their nickname w.is only applicable to the patience and fruitful 

 industry of the laborious student. He retained the utmost delibe- 

 ration in hU mode of working to the last; though when after long 

 reflection he once began to work at his picture lie did not leave it 

 until he had completed it. It is said that he had many maxims 

 which justified his slowness, such as, that no line was worthy of an 

 artist which wai not iu his mind before it was traced by hU hand. 

 He was so entirely devoted to his art that he only left his retired 

 study to make sketches and observations upon expression in active 

 life; much of his time was however spent in reading history and 

 poetry. 



Domenichino was profoundly studied in his drawiug, rich and 

 natural in his colouring, and, above all, correct and life-like in his 

 expresiion. Annibale Caracci is said to have been decided in his 

 judgment between two pictures of the 'Scourging of St. Andrew,' 

 p.iinted in competition by Douicuichino and Agostino Caracci, by 

 hrariug an old woman point out with much earnestness the beauties 

 of Domenichino's to a little child, describing every part of it as if it 

 were a living scene, while she passed the other over in silence. To 

 the graver design of the Bolognese school Domenichino added some- 

 thing of the ornamental manner of the Venetian, his pictures being 

 rich in the accessaries of architecture and costume. His genius how- 

 ever if not characterised by great invention ; he has been accused of 

 Borrowing too directly from the works of others, and his drap. 'i-ies 

 aro regarded a* hanh and too scanty in the folds. Nevertheless, ho 

 ha* been esteemed by the best judges (and among them are the Caracci 

 and Nicholas Poumin) as one of the first of painters, and by some 

 second only to Raffaello. Such however ho will never be thought by 

 the world at largo. 



Domenichino excelled alto in landscape, an.) was famous for his 

 ., I tni rable execution of the figures with which he enlivened them. 

 His principal works are at Rome and Naples ; among them the 'Com- 

 munion of St. Jerome,' now placed opposite Raffaellu's ' Transfigura- 

 tion,' in the Vatican, and the Martyrdom of St. Agnes,' aro the most 

 celebrated. There are three or four of Domenichino's pictures in the 

 Nali'iiial Gallery, Lon Ion, but neither of them u of any remarkable 

 .-..- . 



MINIC, SAINT. Domingo do Quaman. founder of the Order 



.tainicans, was born in 1170 at CaUborra, in Costilla 1. 



Spain. He completed his education at tho University of Palentia; in 



1193 was made canon uf the cathedral of Oma ; and in 1193 a priest 



and archdeacon. He subsequently berime known in no eloquent and 



nher, and was < nt <m ini*ximifl to various parts of Spain, 



a: il it:' Fnuce. Having bivl U 701! i,, . t ho progress of the 



Albigenses, he bent all his energies to their conversion. Finding his 

 own efforts insufficient, he appears to have conceived the idea of 

 founding an order of preaching friars, whose special duty should be 

 the conversion of heretics ; and about the commencement of the 13th 

 century he began to carry his purpose into effect. Ho soon f'un I 

 numerous volunteers to his new order, and, to disarm opposition, he 

 and his followers adopted the rule of St. Augustine. As a distinct 

 order they did not however receive the formal verbal approval of tho 

 pope, Innocent III., till 1215. This order was confirmed in the 

 following year by a bull of Honorius HI., under the name of the 

 Predicants, or Preaching Friars : they were afterwards called Domini- 

 cans, from their founder. In England they were known as Black-Friar*, 

 from the colour of their habits; in France as Jacobin*, from their 

 first house in that country being situated in the Rue St Jacques, Tori*. 

 Dominic was the first general of the order. He was also about tho 

 same time created by the pope Master of the Sacrei Palace at Rome, 

 an office since always held by a Dominican. The order rapidly 

 increased in numbers, and spread all over Europe : at the dissolution 

 of the monasteries in the reign of Henry VIII. the Dominican 

 fifty -eight houses in England and Wales. 



Dominic did not however trust for the uprooting of heresy pimply 

 to hU own preaching and that of his follower*. Finding that his 

 eloquence failed to convert the Albigenses, he, with the papal legates, 

 Peter of Castelnau and Rainier of Raoul, obtained permission of 

 Innocent III. to hold courts, before which they might summon by 

 authority of the pope, and without reference to the local bishops, any 

 individuals suspected of heresy, aud inflict upon them if obstinate 

 capital punishment, or otherwise any leaser penalty. Peter of Castelnau, 

 who had made himself especially obnoxious by his severity, was killed 

 at Toulouse in 1203 ; and then was proclaimed by the pope, at tho 

 instigation of Dominic, that fearful ' crusade,' a* it was designated by 

 Innocent, to which all the barons of France were summoned, and 

 which, under the captaincy of De Montfort, led to the slaughter of so 

 many thousands of these so-called heretics. Dominic himself, i 

 been said, was not personally cruel; but towards heretics he had no 

 compassion, and it is certain that, so far from attempting to lessen the 

 horriblu slaughter, ho did what he could %> stimulate it. Dominic is 

 very frequently said to have been the founder of the Inqni 

 but this is an error. He aud his companions iu the commmion to 

 examine and punish the Albigenses were commonly called ' Inqui 

 but their commission was merely local and temporary. The 'Holy 

 Office' was not formally established till 1233, when Gregory IX. 1 nil 

 down the rules aud defined the jurisdiction of the courts, which ho 

 appointed for various countries under the name of ' Inquisitorial 

 Missions.' It is however worthy of notice that the chief inquisitor 

 was a Dominican monk, Pietro da Verona; and that the govci 

 of the Inquisition was placed pretty much in the hands of the 

 Dominicans. 



According to the biographers of Dominic, he was permitted to 

 exhibit the divine sanction to his missions by raising the dead to life, 

 as in the case of a young nobleman named Napoleon at Rome, ou the 

 Ash- Wednesday of 1218, and by other miracle*. Dominic <i 

 Bologna iu 1221. He was canonised by Popo Gregory IX. ou t 

 of July 1234 : the Church of Rome keeps hi* festival on the 4th of 

 August. Dominic is said to have written some commentaries upon 

 St. Matthew, St. Paul, and the Canonical Epistles, but they have not 

 come down to us. 



DO'MINIS, MARCUS ANTONIDS DE, an Italian theologian and 

 natural philosopher, was born iu ISCii, of an ancient family, at Arba, 

 on the coast of Dalmatia ; aud, having been educated in a college of 

 the Jesuits at Loretto, he completed his studies at the University of 

 Padua. The progress which ho made in the sciences was so satis- 

 factory that the persons iu authority at the university used their 

 influence to induce him to enter the order of Jesuits : to this he 

 appears to have consented ; aud, while passing his novitiate, he gave 

 ion in mathematics, physics, and eloquence. At the same 

 time he employed his leisure iu the study of theology ; aud it was 

 then that he composed bis work entitled ' De Radiis Visns ct Lncis in 

 Vitris pcnpectivis et Iride,' which was published at Venice by oua of 

 his pupils in 1011. 



The routine of a college life not suiting his taste, De Domini.? 

 quitted Padua ; and, ou the recommendation of the Emperor 

 Rodolphus, he was appoiutel bishop of Segni. Two years after- 

 wards he was made archbishop of Spalatro ; but, while liol ling this 

 dignity, he became embroiled with the pope (Paul V.) by taking a 

 part in the disputes between that pontiff and the Venetians respecting 

 the endowment of ecclesiastical establishment*. Ou this occasion he 

 throw out a censure on the conduct of the pope; and he further gave 

 olfenco by entering upon the important but personally duugcrous 

 subject of reforming the manners of the clergy. 



Iteing suspected of an inclination in favour of the reformed religion, 

 ho found it convenient to consult hi< safety by resigning hit arch- 

 bihopric and retiring to Venire; this wai in the year 1015, and in 

 ih" I ''lowing year he came to England, where he ex 

 f.-iv'iiirabl reception from James I. The king appointed him to the 

 deanery f Windsor; and at this time he composed his work entitled 

 ' D<> I! 'public.! E'-clciiastica,' the object of which is to show that tba 

 popo has no supremacy over other bishops; it is iu two partu, of 



