DONALDSON, THOMAS LEYERTON. 



DONATUS. 



I 



French without firing a shot Thai compelled to chooM different 

 path in life he returned to England, and at the age of sixteen began 

 architectural stndies under hi* lather, an architect, and in the antique 

 school of the Royal Academy. In 1817 he gained the silver modal. 

 In 1818 he went to pnnue his studios abroad, Tiiiting the most inter- 

 filing localities in Italy, Greece, and Aaia Minor. Many of the 

 result* of hU elaborate researches hare been published some by 

 Colonel Leaks. In conjunction with Mr. Jenkins and Mr. Lewii 

 Wolfe he measured the ruin* of the temple of Apollo Epicurius at 

 Puna, near Pbigaleia in Arcadia, whence were afterwards obtained 

 the PLigaleian mat-lie*. There, was discovered a curious variety of 

 the Ionic order, and fragment* of a Corinthian column, interesting 

 from the small number of example* of the latter order in Greece'. 

 Subsequently, Messrs. Donaldson and Jenkins travelled through Sicily, 

 and also resiled for a short time amongst the ruin* of Pompeii. 

 Mr. Donaldson next spent a year in Home, revisited Naples and 

 examined the ruin* of Pnstum. Afterwards, at Rome, he drew out 

 design for a temple of Victory according to ancient usage*, which 

 procured his election to the Academy of St. Luke, of which Canova 

 was then president The course of study which Mr. Donaldson had 

 been pursuing was such a* was then deemed best for the architect's 

 profession ; but it differed in many respects from the course at present. 

 The requirement* of professional architecture have now widened. 

 But elaborate illustrated works and present facilities of travel have not 

 been made to afford similar advantages to those which were formerly 

 sought, and the practice of studying the art of architecture from the 

 monuments themselves, has lately been pursued mainly with reference 

 to mediaeval works. After visiting the chief cities of Northern Italy, 

 where his drawings procured his election to several of the Academies, 

 Mr. Donaldson returned to England after an absence of nearly firo 

 years. 



At home his first success was in a competition for the church at 

 Brornpton, Middlesex. His studies had been directed to classic art 

 rather than the style chosen, which circumstance was a subject of 

 regret to him; and the design itself was injured by unwise restric- 

 tions. In 1827 be supplied architectural details and descriptive 

 letterpress to a folio book on Pompeii, published by W. B. Cooke. 

 In 1880 Mr. Woale published the supplementary volume to Stuart's 

 'Athens,' edited by Mr. Kinnaird, Mr. Donaldson supplying the 

 matter as regarded the temple at Basra, the treasury of Atreus, 

 various details to which hi* name is attached, and the chapter on the 

 theatre of the Greeks, the latter an admirable exposition of what 

 had been a difficult subject In 1888 and 1836 appeared bis 'Collec- 

 tion of the most approved examples of Doorways from Ancient and 

 Modern Buildings in Greece and Italy,' about which time he was 

 elected a corresponding member of the Institute of Franco. In 1834 

 he was invited by some junior members of the profession to co-operate 

 in forming a new architectural society, but was led to put forth the 

 plan of an institution on a more important basis, and on tho 15th of 

 Juno 1835, was inaugurated the Institute of British Architect*, Messrs. 

 Donaldson aud Charles Fowler being the first secretaries. Somewhat 

 previous to this, at Mr. Donaldson's suggestion, a medal was struck in 

 honour of Sir John Soaiie, and on the death of that architect in 1837 

 Mr. Donaldson read at the Institute a memoir of him, afterwards pub- 

 lished. Mr. Donaldson during a period of ten years filled the responsible 

 office of Chairman of the Commissioners of Sewers for Westminster 

 and part of the County of Middlesex, superintending and promoting the 

 construction of 60 miles of sewerage, aud an expenditure of 300,0001., 

 which onerous duties were wholly gratuitous. In 1843 he was 

 appointed Professor of Architecture and Construction at University 

 College, London. In 1844, on the passing of tho Metropolitan 

 Buildings Act (now to be distinguitbed as that of 7 and 8 Viet), he 

 was appointed surveyor to the district of South Kensington. He also 

 published in 1S47 a small volume of architectural maxims and 

 theorems, and a lecture on the 'Education and Character of the 

 Architect' On retiring from office as one of the ordinary secretaries 

 of the Institute, the members presented to him a silver candelabrum, 

 value 100 guineas; and in 1861 he had awarded to him the Royal 

 Gold Medal With Sir Charles Barry and Mr. Cockerell, architect*, 

 and Messrs. W. Cubitt, Stephetuon, and Brunei, engineers, he wo* on 

 the Building Committee for the selection of a design for the building 

 of the Gnat Exhibition of 1851, and with Messrs. Cockerell and Scott 

 on the committee for selection of architectural drawings to be 

 forwarded to the ' Exposition Universelle ' of 1 856, whereat he himself 

 received from tho jury one of the first-class gold medals. 



Mr. Donaldson designed aud superintended the erection of All 

 SainU' Church, near Gordon-square ; the library, Flaxman Hall, and 

 staircase at University College; aud was associated with a French 

 architect in the erection of Mr. Hope's residence in Piccadilly; and he 

 ha* also built the Scots Church, Woolwich, and various houses and 

 churches in the country. In 1840 his design for the Royal Exchange 

 was adjudged to be the best in what was considered to be the first 

 class; but wis regarded as not complying in all respects with the 

 requisitions. This however the architect denied. The chief feature 

 was a noble portico, somewhat resembling wlmt exists in the present 

 building. The conduct of the committee with reference to the com- 

 petitors generally, as too frequently in such cases, justified animadver- 

 sion; and eventually a second competition was got up, from which 



Mr. Donaldson and other competitors were excluded, Mr. Tite's 

 design being at last carried out Mr. Donaldson lias from time to 

 time, with pains and alacrity, prepared materials of great 

 the Institute. of which body he remains foreign secretary ; un-l 1. - 

 relations with foreign and English architect* have enabled him to do 

 considerable service to his professional brethren and to students. 



DONATELLO. DONATO DI BELTO Dl BARDO, called Doni- 

 tello, was born at Florence in the year 1388. He was brought ui> in 

 the house of a Florentine gentleman named Ruberto Martelli, a i 

 patron of the arts, and received hi* first instructions from Lorenzo 

 Bicci, from whom be learned painting in fresco ; but he afterward* 

 became more famous as a sculptor. He also practised architecture. 

 In the course of his life he visited many towns of Italy, among which 

 were Venice, Padua (where the people wanted to detain and 

 naturalise him), and Rome. Dountello was much esteemed by hU 

 contemporaries, and executed a great number of works, both in 

 private and public buildings, and for the grand-duke Cosmo I. lit 

 was the first to employ bas-relief in telling stories, according to the 

 more elaborate stylo of Italian sculpture. When ho first became so 

 infirm as to be unable to work, the grand-duke Piero I. gave him a 

 small estate : but he was so much annoyed by the tvoublcsonv 

 enoes of his labourers, that he insisted on relinquishing it; and 

 gave him a pension instead, in daily payments, which perfectly con- 

 tented him. He died paralytic, December 13, 1466. 



The principal works of Donatella are at Florence ; but some have 

 decayed, or been removed from their original station. One, a figure 

 of St. Mark, which was nicknamed (according to the common pro- 

 pensity of the Florentine*) Lo Zuccone (the Gourd), on account 

 bald head, is much commended. A St. George is also much esteemed ; 

 and Vasari, speaking of a Judith bearing the head of Holof. i 

 bronze, calls it, with all the strength he gathered from his intense 

 love of his art, " A work of great excellence and mastery, which, to 

 him who considers the simplicity of the outside, in the drapery and 

 in the aspect of Judith, sees manifested from within it the great 

 heart (animo) of that woman and the aid of God ; as in tho air of that 

 Holofernes, wine and sleep, and death in his members, which, having 

 lost their spirit, show themselves cold and falling." Donate! 

 several pupils, to whom he bequeathed his tools. The most noted 

 are Bertoldo, Nonni d' Anton di Bianco, Rossellino, Disederio, and 

 Vellano di Padovo. To the last he left all the works which he retained 

 at his death. (Vasari ; BaldinuccL) 



DONA'TUS, .ELIU3, a celebrated grammarian, who lived in the 

 middle of the 4th century. Ho wrote a Grammar, which long con- 

 tinued in the schools; and also Notes upon Terence MI 1 Virgil. He 

 was most eminent in the tiinu of Constantino, and taught rhetoric and 

 polite literature at Rome in the year 356, about which time St Jerome 

 studied grammar . under him. Douatus has given ample employment. 

 to the bibliographers, who all speak of au ' Editio Tabellaris sine ulla 

 nnfci* of his Grammar, as one of the first efforts at printing by meant 

 of letters cut on wooden blocks. (See Meennau, ' Origines Typo- 

 graph.' of this and other editions, 4to, Hag. Com., 1765, tom. i. 

 pp. 126, 132 ; ii., pp. 107, 215, 218.) This Grammar has been printed 

 with several titles, as ' Donatus,' ' Donatus Minor,' ' Donatux 

 molyzatu;,' ' Douatus pro puerulu,' &c., but the work is the same, 

 namely, 'Element* of the Latin Language for the use of Chil Iran.' 

 In tho volutno of the 'Grammattci Veteres,' printed by Nic. Jenson, 

 without date, it is entitled ' Donutus de Barbarismo et de octo parti- 

 bus Orationis.' Dr. Clarke, in his ' Bibliographical Dictionary,' vol. iii. 

 pp. 144-143, has given a long list of editions of Douatus, to which 

 the more inquisitive reader is referred. Donatus's ' Coinmentai ii in 

 quinque Coma) lias Tcreutii,' were first printed without da' 

 bably before 1460, and reprinted in 1471 and 1476. The ' Com- 

 mentarius in Virgiliuin,' fol., Von., 1629, though ascribed to him, i 

 thought by many not to bo his. 



Donat, in the middle ages, both in English aud French, becamo 

 synonym for any system of grammar : as in Piers Plowman 



" Then dravc I me among drapers my Donct to lernc." 



In the statutes of Winchester College, written about 1386, grammar 

 is called ' Antiquus Donatus-,' the old Donat Cotgrave quotes an old 

 French proverb, " Les Diabies estoient encores en leurDonat," "the 

 devils were but yet in their grammar." 



(Harles, Inlrad. in Hut. Liny. Latino;, 8vo, Bremte, 17":t, ip. 202, 

 203; Clarke, Bibliogr. Diet., ut supra; Worton, Jlut. Kay. Poet., 4 to, 

 voL i. p. 2S1 ; Ac.) 



DONATUS, Bishop of Casa Nigra in Numidia, from whom, and 

 from another Donatus originated the schismatic sect of the Donatmta. 

 Donatus was the great opponent to the election of Cecilianus into th 

 bishopric of Carthage. Ho accused Ceoilianus of having delivered u|> 

 the sacred books to the Pagans, and pretended that his 

 thereby void, and all those who adhered to him heretics. I 'ml 

 pretext of zeal be set up for tho head of a party, and, about tl. 

 312, taught that baptinm administered by heretics wan i.vi; 

 that the church was not infallible; that it had erred in hi* tii.-. 

 that he was to be the restorer of it. But a council h, M at, A> 

 "H, acquitted CeoiUanns, and declared hU election valid. The 

 son* of Donatus, who were very numerous, irritated at the decision, 

 refused to acquiesce in the sentence of the council; aud the better to 



