DOUGLAS, GAWIX. 



DOYLE, RICHARD. 



4J 



gwdeo the Clarktas, TVin>tmnin, (Knothrru, and Lupines, were 

 almost all Ant collected by him. A list of all the plant* collected 

 by him would occupy too much space, but an idea of the value of his 

 labowi may be formed when we mention that of the spooirs com- 

 monly growing in our gardens no less than 217 species, belonging to 

 43 genera, are the result of his Tarious voyages. Of these, 53 are 

 woody plants and 145 herbaceous plants. His dried collection of 

 C*lifomun plants alone consists of about 800 ipecias, but these were 

 only a part of his extensive herbarium. ((Jartle*cr'i Magazine, vols. zl 

 and xii. ; Companion to At Botanical Magazine.) 



DOUGLAS, GAWIN, was born in the year 1474 or 1475. and was 

 the third son of Archibald, sixth earl of Angus, surnmed Bell-the- 

 Cat Being intended for the church, he received the best education 

 which Scotland and France could give. He obtained successively the 

 provostship of the collegiate church of St. Giles's, Edinburgh, and the 

 rsctorahip of Heriot church. He was then made abbot of Aber- 

 brothick, and lastly, bishop of Dunkeld; but bis elevation to tbe 

 archbishopric of St. Andrews was prevented by the pope. In 1513 

 some political intrigues compelled him to retire to England, where 

 he was favourably received by Henry VIIF. He died of the plague 

 in 1521 or 1522, at the Savoy, where he had resided during the whole 

 of his stay. 



In his early yean he translated Ovid's ' Art of Love,' and composed 

 two allegorical poems, ' King Hart ' and the ' Palace of Honour;' but 

 he is best aod most deiervcdly known by his translation of Virgil's 

 ' .Kneid,' which, with the thirteenth book by Mapheus Vegius, was 

 produced in 1513. To each book is prefixed an original prologue, 

 some of which give lively and simple descriptions of scenery, written 

 in a manner which proves their author to have been possessed of con- 

 siderable poetical power. At the end of the work (p. 380, ed. of 1553) 

 he informs us that " com pile t was this work Virgilean .... in 

 eighteen moneths space," for two mouths whereof he "wrote never 

 one word." 



Those who take the trouble to examine Douglas for themselves, 

 will find his language not nearly so different from our own as might 

 be imagined from a cursory glance at the pages. The chief difference 

 consists in tbe spelling and the accent, which we may suppose to have 

 borne, as in Chaucer, a considerable resemblance to the present pro- 

 nunciation of French ; at least without some such supposition it 

 appears impracticable to scan either. 



(Warton, 7/wt Enyl. Poelry, who gives copious extracts; liioy. Hrit., 

 art Dowlat.) 



DOUGLAS, GENERAL SIR HOWARD, BAUT., was born in 

 1778, at Gosport, Hampshire. His father, Admiral Sir Charles 

 Douglas, wai a distinguished naval officer, who received his title for 

 having in 1776 forced a passage up the river St Lawrence, in order to 

 relieve the city of Quebec. Sir Charles Douglas was Captain of the 

 Fleet in the West Indies under Admiral Rodney, when the naval action 

 of the 12th of April 1782 was fought between the French and English 

 fleets ; and to Sir Charles Douglas has been ascribed, apparently with 

 truth, the merit of suggesting the matucuvre of breaking through the 

 centre of the French line of battle, and by this operation rendering 

 some of the enemy's ships useless, and thus gaining the victory. 



Sir Howard Douglas entered the army at an early nge : he served 

 in the expedition to Walcheron, was present at the battle of Coruna, 

 and servel in Portugal and Spain in 1808-9. In 1809, on the death 

 of his brother be succeeded to the title, and returned to England. 

 He Krved again in Spain in 1811-12. Sir Howard Douglas, while thus 

 actively employed in the army, appears not only to have studied his 

 own profession, but to have watched also with peculiar interest the 

 operations of the navy in all parts of the world. In 1816 he published 

 sn ' Essay on the Principles and Construction of Military Bridges, and 

 the Passage of Rivers in Military Operations,' 8vo, London. In 1817 

 be seat to the Lords of the Admiralty the manuscript of his treatise 

 on Naval Gunnery, which, having received their approbation, was pub- 

 lished In 1819. 'A Treatise on Naval Gunnery, dedicated by special 

 Permission to the Lords Commisaioners of the Admiralty,' 8vo, London. 

 Tbe 3rd edition, revised and much enlarged, was published in 1851, 

 and a 4th edition, revued, in 18S5. 



Sir Howard Douglas was governor of New Brunswick from 1823 

 to 1889, in which last year he received tbe degree of 1 >.( '. I,, from the 

 ity of Oxford. From 1835 to the ond of 1840 be was Lord 

 High Commissioner of the lonisn Islands. He was elected member 

 of |rlianimt for Liverpool in 1 S4 2, and continued to represent that 

 borough till 1 8 17. He became general in 186 1 and also colonel of the 

 16th lUgimrat of Foot Sir Howard Douglas married in 1799, and 

 hi. wife died in 1854. His son. the heir to tbe baronetcy, became 

 a iMutcnant-eoloMl in the army in 1843. 



Tbe 6rst edition of th* Treatise on Naval Gunnery* contained or- 

 lain plns for the ciULli-hwent of reboots of naval gunnery. The 

 f ovtrnoun 1 . howrrer did nothing towards carrying out the author's 

 reoomnwtHUtloos till the politicl horizon became olou.led i . 

 whem a gunner school was taatfltltod on board her Majesty's ship 

 Eioelleof at IWIsnxmlb, to which was afterwards added a naval 

 (ollege in th dockjard, and the wl.olo e* abli,hmont ha* been since 

 eiun led and improved. The third edition of the ' Nar.l Gunnery,' 

 enU.ged by the author, is divided into five puts, of which the first 

 jwrt tfraU of the general organisation and trailing of gunners, and is 



more historical than didactic ; the second part deals with the theory 

 and practice of gunnery, more particularly as applied to tbe service of 

 naval ordnance ; the other three parts treat of the construction of 

 guns and mortars, the forms of shot and shell, the machinery of ships 

 of war, the service of guns in action, and the entire theory and practice 

 of naval operations. In tho fourth edition, published at the beginning 

 of 1855, sir Howard censured very decidedly the whole conduct of the 

 war in tbe Crimea, and intimated that Sebastopol would not be taken 

 till another plan of operations had been entered upon till in fact the 

 north side of the harbour had been assaulted and carried by the allies, 

 and the guns of the northern forts directed against the town and forts 

 of the southern side. The result has added another proof to those of 

 previous times of the uncertainty, in matters of actual war, of predic- 

 tions founded on scientific reasoning. 



Besides some ' Observations on Carnot's Fortification,' and ' Consider- 

 ations on the Value and Importance of the British and North American 

 Provinces,' Sir Howard Douglas published an elaborate exposition ..f 

 his father's claim to the manoeuvre of the 12th of April 1782, the 

 object of which work will be best explained by giving the title-page 

 in full : ' Naval Evolutions ; a Memoir by Sir Howard Douglas, Bart., 

 K.S.B., C.B., F.R.S., &c,, containing a Review and Refutation of the 

 principal Essays and Arguments advocating Mr. Clerk's Claims in Rela- 

 tion to the Manoeuvre of the 12th of April 17S2, and vindicating by 

 tactical Demonstration and numerous authentic Documents the pro- 

 fessional Skill of the British Officers employed on that Occasion,' S vo, 

 London. 1832. 



DOUW, or DOW, GERARD, was born at Leyden in 1613. In lr,J2 

 he was put by his father, a glazier, to study drawing under Bartho- 

 lomew Dolendo, an engraver, with whom he remained eighteen months. 

 He afterwards received the instructions of Peter Kouwhoorn, a painter 

 on glass, and learned his art so well that he proved of great adv.. 

 to his father. It being determined that he should study painting in 

 oil, the illustrious Rembrandt was in 1G2S chosen for the lad's master. 

 From that great painter Gerard learned tho mastery of colour and 

 chiaroscuro, but when he began to practise on his own account he 

 differed entirely from his teacher in his manner of painting. Instead 

 of growing bolder and rougher in his handling as lie grew older, he 

 became more and more delicate in his finish, elaborating everything 

 which ho touched with tbe most exquisite delicacy and miuu 

 insomuch that the threads of brocades and of fine carpets are expressed 

 even in his smallest paintings. Nothing escaped his eye or hi- pencil. 

 And yet, with all his elaboration of detail, his pictures are powerful 

 in effect and harmonious and brilliant in colour. As specimens of 

 technical ability they are admirable, as illustrations of mental power 

 their value is very little. He was accustomed to prepare his own tools, 

 that ho might have them of the requisite fineness. 



Gerard Douw has been charged with excessive slowness in finishing, 

 and some anecdotes are told in proof of it. Sandrart says that ho 

 once visited Gerard's study in company with Bamboccio, and on their 

 both expressing their admiration of a certain miniature broom-handlo 

 in one of bis pictures, he said that he should spend throe more days 

 upon it before he left it : and this stoiy, whether true or not, very 

 ftiirly illustrates the character of his pictures the amount of caro 

 and thought expended on a broom-handle is precisely the same as in 

 expended on the head of the principal figure in the composition. It 

 is said that his sitters were so wearied by his dilatorinees, and disgusted 

 by the transcripts of their jaded faces, which he faithfully put upon 

 the canvass, that others were deterred from sitting, and he was obliged 

 to abandon portrait-painting. But Karel de Moore, who had been a 

 pupil of his, averred that he was not so slow as had been asserted ; 

 and the number of his pictures tends to corroborate his statement. 

 Douw, like most minute finishers, got excellent prices for his paintings, 

 generally from 600 to 1000 florins; and Sandrart informs u 

 Spiering, a gentleman of tho Hague, paid him an annual salary of 1000 

 florins for the mere right of refusal of all the pictures he painted, at 

 the higheit price he could obtain. Gerard Douw died in 1680. The 

 most famous among his pupils was Mieris. Hi* pictures arc in .ill 

 great collections. (Argenville; Soudrart.) 



DOYLE, RICHARD, was born in London in 1826. He is the son 

 of Mr. John Doyle, generally believed to be the author of the celebrated 

 ' 1 1 . 1 :.' political sketches which were a few years ago so remarkably popu- 

 lar, and which, while exhibiting with abundant keenness the prominent 

 features and peculiarities of the persons caricatured, were always gentle- 

 manly in feeling and free from any appearance of malice. The younger 

 Mr. Richard Doyle's designs were for some years a chief attraction in tho 

 pages of 'Punch,' and possibly no previous pictorial satirist of passing 

 customs and follies ever exhibited so much graceful fancy and playful 

 exuberance of quaint invention and humour. And with all the 

 temptations from tbe pressure of haste, political excitement, and tho 

 necessity of catching the parsing whim or hitting the current fault or 

 folly, he never, as far as we can recollect, was charged or chargeable 

 with descending to coarseness or vulgarity. Mr. Doyle possesses a 

 surprixing facility and accuracy of drawing, great keenness of 

 observation, and considerable range of character. But he is most at 

 home in London life. Nothing can exceed the infinite variety of his 

 men about town, and their doings, in ' Vn Manners and Customs of 

 ye English ;' or the richness of his ' Brown, Jones, and Robinson,' 

 whether at home or abroad. But with hi* foreigners he is not so 



