DU SoMMERARD, ALEIANDRK. 



nUTENS, JOSEPH-MICH KL. 



-lUi of September. He spoke several time* however in support of 

 tlio third and Ust bill, which WM duciused io the Lord* in April and 

 May 1*32, and especially made a very able ipeech in committee oil 

 the 22nd of May, 'on the enfranchisement of the metropolitan 

 district*,' which waa published. On the 12th of March 1833 he 

 rattened hU office in the government, and three days after wa made 

 Karl of Durham. 



In the summer of 1S33 Lord Durham was despatched on a special 

 illusion to Ruaiia, with the object of inducing the emperor to soften 

 the severity of the proceedings against the unhappy persona who had 

 been engaged in the late PolUh insurrection ; but it was not attended 

 with any success. From the time of his return to England, after a 

 few months' absence, he may bo regarded as having more distinctly 

 joined the section of the Liberal party which advocated still further 

 reforms in the representation, and as having thus gone to a certain 

 vxtent into opposition to the existing government. Tho difl'ereaoe of 

 views that had arisen between his lordship aud his former colleagues 

 was proclaimed somewhat explosively at the great dinner given to 

 Lord Orey at Edinburgh, on the 15th of September 1834 ; and ho 

 followed up this beginning by a succession of similar exhibitions in 

 various parts of the country during the remainder of the year. A 

 collection of bis speeches upon these occasions was afterwards pub- 

 lished. In 1 835 however he was removed from that noisy scene by 

 being a second time sent out to Russia, as ambassador at the court of 

 St. Petersburg; and he retained that poet till the summer of 1837, 

 and made himself, it U said, extremely acceptable to the emperor. 



Lord Durham's jaat political undertaking was perhaps Ms most 

 important the pacification of the troubles and dissensions of Canada, 

 to which country he was sent out as high commissioner and governor- 

 general, with extraordinary powers, in 1839. He arrived at Quebec 

 on the 27th of May, succeeded in allaying the 'jealousies of the 

 I'reuch party in Lower Canada, and published an act of indemnity 

 for those engaged in the previous rebellious outbreak. But a mis- 

 understanding or difference of views soon arose between him and the 

 ministry at home ; and, conceiving that he was not supported as he 

 ought to be, without having been either recalled or having obtained 

 leave to return, he re-embarked from the same port on the 1st of 

 November following. His arrival in London on the 7th of December 

 was speedily followed by the publication of a report addressed to tho 

 Queen, dated " London, 31st of January 1839," of great ability and 

 interest, detailing the history of his colonial administration, vindi- 

 cating his conduct, and explaining the principles on which he had pro- 

 ceeded, and on which he conceived that the management of the affairs 

 of Canada ought to be conducted. But his unprecedented step of 

 leaving hi* government without permission occasioned a rebuke, and 

 he was not allowed to land under the usual salute. He in consequence 

 made his wife resign her place iu the Queen's household. 



The state of his health now no longer permitted him to take any 

 part in public affairs, at least beyoud attending occasionally in the 

 House of Lords. At last, early in the summer of 1840, he retired, 

 with no hope of recovery, to the Isle of Wight; and he died at Cowes, 

 on the 28th of July. A son, tho present earl, and three daughters, 

 one of whom is since dead, survived him. 



DU SOMMEKARD, ALEXANDRE, a French archicologist, was 

 born in 1779 at Bar-sur-Aube, department de 1'Aube. At the age of 

 fourteen he entered the republican army, aud though in 1796 he with- 

 drew from it in order to pursue a civil career, he was recalled and 

 compelled to serve till 1801, when he was allowed to retire on his 

 lather consenting to occupy his post He received an appointment in 

 1807 a* member of the Cour des Comptes, an office he held till 1823, 

 when he was raised to the post of conseiller reTe'reudaire, and made 

 vice-president of the Electoral College of the Seine; in 1831 he was 

 created chief conseiller. At the fall of Bonaparte he made himself 

 conspicuous by his Bourbonisin, and a song very popular with the 

 paiti-an* of the restored house, 'Rendez-nou* notre Pore de Gaud !' 

 was commonly attributed to him. His zeal, manifested in various 

 wayi, was recognised by Louis XVIII., who in 1816 conferred ou liiiu 

 the cross of the Legion of Honour. 



From an early period M. Du Sommerard had devoted all his leisure 

 to the study of mediaeval art* and antiquities, and a* his mean* 

 increased he applied himself with great zeal and industry to the 

 collection of examples of the art* of that period. For this purpose he 

 visiud various part* of France, and employed persons to assist him io 

 his inquiries and purchases. His collection, which soon became very 

 rich in manuscripts, miniatures, anna, carvings, furniture, ic, he depo- 

 sited in the ancient Hotel de Cluny, of which he purchased a lea** for 

 that especial purpose; and in 1834 he published ' Notices sur I'll..;.! 

 U Cluny et sur le Palais des Thermes, avec de* Notes sur la Culture 

 de* ArU, principalament dan* le* quinzieme et seizicino sidclea.' This 

 work attracted general attention to the subject of the antiquities of 

 France, and the government was led to appoint a ' Commission des 

 Monument* Historique*,' and tho 'Comitt Historique* des ArU et 

 shan menU '' n l '<>d under DIDROS, with a view to the study and 

 2od MS ? f "" t>n antiquities of France. M. Uu Sommerard 

 public Uac lh hu 8">at work, partly the result of his early and 

 various part* oV*? 1 ?- *>Vom(C it* chief v*lue to the facilities afforded 

 strongly attached" M1| "" il " llv tl ' government oommiaiions, ' Les 

 opportunity of di*p.' f* H * lts ^8. T hi* .plendid work is iu 5 voU. 



Svo, with au Atlas iu folio of above a hundred plates, and an ' Album 

 Supplementaire ' of more than five hundred plates, giving characteristic 

 examples of the pictures, sculpture*, monuments, stained glass, enamels, 

 >orcelain and earthenware, goldsmiths' work, illuminations and miuia- 

 ,ures, arms, and furniture of the middle age*. 



The prolonged and unceasing labours of M. Du Sommerard began 

 at length to tell severely on his constitution. A journey which he 

 made into Italy in 1842, for tho purpose of adding to his collection, 

 jroved too much for his already-enfeeble-l strength, and shortly after 

 lis return to Paris ho died, August 19, 1842. 



Aftur the death of M. Du Sommerard his fine collection was pur- 

 chased by tho government, and converted into a public museum. It 

 remains in the Hotel de Cluny, which became the property of the 

 nation, and to which was adjoined the Palais des Thermes. Of time 

 luildings, and of tho Musce Ciuuy, M. Edmond Du Sommerard, one 

 of the sons of the founder of the museum, was appointed director. 



(Uitxjraphict da Jfommet da Jour; Nouo. Biog. OeneraU.) 



DUSSEK, JOHANN LUDWIG, a celebrated musical composer 

 aud piaui.it, was born in 1761 atCzaslau in Bohemia. He was the son 

 of an organist, and bis father early instructed him in the principles of 

 liia art, so that at the age of nine he was a skilful player on the 

 pianoforte and a good accompanist on the organ. He received further 

 instruction in music from Spenaz, a musician of considerable note in 

 kiis native place, aud for his general education he was sent to the 

 University of Prague. He afterwards tilled the office of organist at 

 Malines and at Bergen-ap-Zoom. He then visited Amsterdam, where his 

 playing ou the pianoforte excited great attention, and where he made 

 a somewhat prolonged stay. On quitting Holland he visited the chief 

 cities of Germany, his reputation increasing as he proceeded. At 

 Paris, where ho was in 1788, bin playing was so much admired that 

 the queeu, Marie -Antoinette, endeavoured to induce him to establish 

 himself there ; but alarmed at the threatening aspect of public affairs, 

 he come to London in 1790, and here as elsewhere he immediately 

 distinguished himself, and might have realised an ample fortune 

 had his industry aud discretion borne any proportion to his talents. 

 Unfortunately he engaged in business, for which his hnbita were quite 

 unfitted, aud to escape from his creditors he iu 1800 quitted England, 

 aud two years after became part of the household, and also the 

 intimate and couiidential friend, of Prince Louis Ferdinand of I'nusia, 

 who died so bravely at Saaltield iu 1806. He then entered into the 

 service of Prince Talleyrand, in which he continued till his death in 

 1812. As a pianist, Dusaek was iu his day almost unrivalled, ili- 

 style was large yet neat, and he was as effective in the most refined 

 and delicate as he was in the grandest passages. His tone was 

 exquisite, and his mechanical dexterity was remarkable. Duaaek 

 composed seventy-six pieces including symphonies, concertos, souatos, 

 ondeaux, quintets, quartets, trios, variations, Ac. for the pianoforte ; 

 also some oratorios, several pieces of church music, and two unsuc- 



cessful operas. Amidst many that are of little or no value, there are 



some of Duasek's compositions for the piano thi 



excelleut. 



piano that are iu every respect 



IHJTKXS, JOSEPH-MICHEL, the son of Michel Francois, was 

 born at Tours on October 15, 1765. He was entered when eighteen 

 at tho Kcole des Ponts et Chaussoea, and at twenty-two years of age he 

 left it with the brevet of engineer. In 1800 he printed his first work at 

 Erreux, 'Des Moyeus de Naturaliser 1'Iustructiou et la Doctrine,' and iu 

 the same year published a topographical description of the arroudisse- 

 mcnt of Louviers, in the department of Eure. In 1804 he gave to the 

 world his first work on political economy, an analytical exposition of 

 its fundamental principles. In 1818 he was commissioned by the 

 government to travel in England in order to obtain a knowledge of 

 tho canal system there, and he extended his labours to all the great 

 commercial works of the country, the results of wbich were pub- 

 lished at Paris in 1819 in 'Memoirs on the Public Works of England.' 

 The work is divided into two parts ; the first is devoted to engineering, 

 describing the canals, the works of art employed in their construction, 

 tho cost of making, the expense of maintaining, aud the system of 

 working ; the second is principally to develop the mode of concession 

 of public works in England, aud its advantages in a country where the 

 energies of association are in almost all cases employed instead of 

 the intervention of the government. 



Desirous of enabling his country to profit by his studies in England, 

 Duteni published in 1829 a 'History of the Interior Navigation of 

 France,' iu which he gives a detailed description of the geographical 

 features of France, and au account of its rivers aud canals ; with an 

 analysis of the agricultural and industrial products of France, showing 

 their value if made available by a net-work of canals, sketching a 

 scheme of what should be the principal branches, and discussing the 

 financial condition which would ensure its success. Iu 1835 Duteus 

 published his greatest work, tho ' Philosophy of Political Economy ; 

 or a new Exposition of the Principles of this Science,' in 2 vols. 8vo. 

 It was an expansion with considerable modifications of his previous 

 work, and occasioned much opposition from the economists of tlie 

 school of Adam Smith. Blanqui says, " it is only a new edition of the 

 doctrines of Quesnay, but with less of advancement in rc-spect to com- 

 mercial freedom and duties." The severe criticisms occasioned M. 

 Duteus to publish in 1837 a defence of his work, aud a second in 1839 ; 

 and the contest was still going on when the AcadcSuiie des Sciences 



