KASTLAKE, SIR CHARLES, P.K.A. 



ECHARD, LAWRENCE. 



butioo* to the Academy exhibitions consUted chiefly of Italian imd 

 Greek subjects, such u the ' ConUdiua and Family returning from 

 a Fmta prisoners to Banditti ;' ' Gaston ile Fuix before the Battle of 

 lUveuun, iu which he was (lain ;' ' Salutation of the Aged Friar,' Ac. 

 He at length sent a work of much more elevated aim, hii now uui- 

 renallj known ' Christ Weeping over Jerusalem.' This, though of 

 but moderate aize, wu really one of the moat important production! 

 in the historical style which the English school bad for a considerable 

 period produced. With the utmost refinement and purity, there was 

 combined a deep religious earnestness of character and expression, 

 breadth and simplicity of treatment, and subdued but rich colour ; 

 and the well-filled canvass had neither figure nor feature to let, or in 

 the way. And whilst every part was finished with the most scrupulous 

 care, there were no ostentatious details, no coat-trimming*, or pebble- 

 atones, or wall-lichens set forth with the pedantry of a collector or the 

 foasiuess of an antiquary. The deep sentiment of the picture found 

 its way to every heart ; and many hoped that it was the inauguration 

 of a new and nobler school of English historical painting. The 

 1 Christ Blessing Little Children,' and the ' Hagar and Ishmacl,' how- 

 ever admirable, as in many respects they both were, did not certainly 

 increase, if indeed they sustained, the high reputation acquired by the 

 ' Christ Weeping over Jerusalem.' There were all the refinement and 

 purity of that work, but the delicacy verged on feebleness, and the 

 colour was less true and powerful, liut Mr. Kastlake's energies bad 

 been diverted away from constant attention to his art, and art is too 

 jealous a mistress to allow of a divided service. 



In 1S41 Mr. Eastlake was appointed Secretary to the Royal Com- 

 mission of Fine Arts, formed for inquiring whether advantage might 

 not be taken of the opportunity afforded by the rebuilding of the 

 houses of parliament fur promoting and encouraging the fine arts. 

 The direction of the proceedings of this commission, the laborious col- 

 lection of materials for arriving at a decision as to the best means of 

 carrying out the purpose for which the commission was appointed, 

 the investigations respecting the history and processes of fresco- 

 painting, and other connected matters, occupied for some years a con- 

 siderable portion of Mr. Kastlake's time ; and to his zeal and unselfish 

 exertions much of the success of the commission was due. The 

 reports presented by the commission to parliament represent but a 

 email portion of Mr. Eastlake' s labours as its secretary, an office ho 

 .-till retains. In November 1843 Mr. Eastlake was appointed Keeper 

 of the National Gallery, but resigned in October 1847. 



Mr. Eastlake exhibited his 'Hagar and Ishmael' in 1814; his sub- 

 sequent works have been comparatively few. In 1845 appeared 

 ' Heloise,' one of the female heads he always paints so gracefully ; in 

 1844 a 'Sorne from Comus,' a study for a royal fresco; iu 1840 'A 

 Visit to the Nun;' 'An Italian Peasant Family prisoners with 

 Banditti' in 1848; 'Helena' in 1840; 'The Good Samaritan,' aud 

 ' The Escape of Francesco Novello di Carrara, with Taddea d'Este, 

 his wife, from the Duke of Milan,' in 1850 ; ' Ippolita Torelli ' in 1851 ; 

 ' Ruth sleeping at the feet of Boar ' and ' Violante ' in 1853 ; ' Irene ' 

 in 1854, and 'Beatrice ' in 1S55. Mr. Eistlake has also exhibited a 

 few portraits, one of which ' The Sisters ' may be mentioned as almost 

 unrivalled among modern female portraits for exquisite gracefulness 

 and refinement of style. 



In 1850 Mr. Eastlake was elected President of the Royal Academy, 

 and at the same time he received the honour of knighthood. In 1855 

 ha was appointed to the newly-established post of Director of the 

 National Gallery with a salary of lOOOi. a year. This appointment, 

 as well as his previous management as Keeper of the National Gallery, 

 has been the subject of a series of attacks on Sir Charles, made with 

 so much virulence and personality as to have despoiled them of their 

 sting, and rendered them far more hurtful to their utterers than to 

 the object of their enmity. Sir Charles was in 1838 elected a Fellow 

 of the Royal Society; in 1853 he received the degree of D.C.L. from 

 the University of Oxford; and in 1855 ho was created Knight of the 

 Legion of Honour. 



Sir Charles U not only one of the most able but also one of the 

 most learned of living English painters, and he has made several 

 valuable contributions to the literature of art. For the ' Penny 

 Crclopaxlia' be wrote the articles 'Basai-Rilievi' and 'Bologna, School 

 f:' lio has also written some excellent articles for the 'Quarterly 

 Review ; ' and some elaborate papers on Fresco painting, Ac. for the 

 Reports of the Fine Arts Commission. Ilia separate pub] 

 consist of a translation of Gothe'i ' Knrbcnlchro,' 1 vol. 8vo, 1840, 

 which be has enriched with some valuable notes on the practice of 

 painting and the vehicles employed by the grent Venetian and Flemish 

 painters subjects lie has much more amply illustrated in his next 

 work, ' Material* for a History of Oil-Painting,' 1 vol. 8vo, 1847. Hi* 

 scattered eaeajs he has collected under the title of ' Contributions to 

 the Literature of the Fine Arts.' Sir Charles has also edited and anno- 

 tated a translation, said to be by Lady Eastlake, of ' Kugler's Hand- 

 book to the Italian Schools of Painting.' 



A repetition of Eastlake's grand picture 'Chri.-t Weeping over 

 Jerusalem.' fonns one of the chief features of the Vcrnon Gallery, in 

 which collection are also his ' Escape of Francesco di Carrara,' and a 

 ' Head of a Lady in Greek Costume.' These have all been engraved 

 among the series of engraving* from the Vcrnon Gallery in the ' Art 

 Jourunl ; ' the ' Christ Weeping over Jerusalem ' has also been admi- 



rably engraved on a much larger scale by Mr. Cousin in mezzotint. 

 The Pilgrims first coming in sight of Rome,' ' Hagar and Ishmael,' 

 and ' Christ Blessing Little Children,' have been engraved in line. 



EBEL, JOHN GOTTFRIED, an esteemed writer on statistics and 

 geology, born at Frankfurt-on-the-Odtr, October ('; 1704 : died at 

 Zurich, 1830. After completing his studies and taking his degree aa 

 Doctor of Medicine, ho went to France, and became intimate with the 

 Ablx! Sieyes. In 1801 he went to Switzerland, and resided chiefly at 

 Zurich. He travelled through Switzerland in all directions, and pub- 

 lished some valuable works on the natural history and statistics of 

 the country. The most popular is his 'Guide to Travelers iu 

 Switzerland.' In bis description of the mountaineers of Switzerland, 

 he draws an interesting picture of the inhabitants of Appeuzel and 

 Glarus. His work on the geology of the Alps touches also on the 

 structure of the globe iu general,- and contains much information on 

 the geognostical relations of the Alps. 



EBELING, CHRISTOPHER DANIEL, born 1741, at Garmisseu 

 in Hildesheim : died in 1817. He studied theology at Obttingen, and 

 acquired great knowledge of the oriental languages, especially the 

 Arabic, and was thoroughly acquainted not only with the classical 

 literature of Greece and Rome, but also with that of modern Europe, 

 particularly England. He published numerous translation', to., but 

 his chief work is his 'Geography and History of the United 

 of North America,' 7 vols. Svo, which was justly esteemed, not only 

 in Europe, but still more in America itself. He was chosen a member 

 of almost all the learned societies of the country, and the Congress 

 voted him public thanks for his services. That part of his library 

 which related to America, consisting of 3900 volumes, was purchased 

 after his death by M. Israel Thoredino, a friend of learning, at Boston, 

 and presented to Harvard College. Ebeling was for thirty years 

 professor of history and of the Greek language in the gymnasium at 

 Hamburg. His industry was extraordinary. Besides the duties of 

 his professorship and the composition of his chief work, ho was for 

 above twenty years keeper of the public library of the city, into 

 which he introduced order and judicious arrangement, and composed 

 a catalogue, which was much wanted. Ho besides contributed largely 

 to numerous periodicals. He was of a friendly, cheerful, and social 

 disposition ; and ho bore with remarkable patieuca and equanimity 

 for thirty years a hardness of hearing, which gradually increased to 

 almost total deafness, so that a loud voice was scarcely perceptible to 

 him even with the aid of an ear-trumpet 



EBELMEN, JACQUES-JOSEPH, French chemist, was born July 

 10, 1814, at Beaume-les-Dames, in France. Having passed successively 

 through the colleges Henri IV. and Beaancon, he iu 1831 entered the 

 ficole Polytecbnique, and in 1833 passed from it to the Boole des 

 Mines. His ability and attainments early attracted notice; in 1840 

 he was appointed assistant, aud in 1845 chief professor of analysis at 

 the Ecole des Mines; in 1341 he was made one of the secretaries of 

 the 'Annales des Mines,' and experimental chemist at the Kcolo 

 Polytechnique. A wider field was however opened before him by the 

 appointment in 1847 of director of the Manufocture-Uoyale of Sevres. 

 To the duties of this office he applied all his oucrgirs. New and 

 improved modes of operation, and the latest chemical discoveries, were 

 employed with a view to economise the cost and improve the quality 

 of the manufacture, while the moat able designers and painters were 

 called in for the purpose of obtaining the best moduli) aud the richest 

 ornamentation; and under his direction the porcelain of Sevres 

 acquired a reputation fully equal to that it had ever held, while the 

 establishment was regarded as a model for the excellence of iu 

 arrangements. M. Ebelman was a member of the commission sent by 

 the French government to the Great Exhibition, London. In the 

 beginning of March 1852 M. Kbelmen was named engineer-in-chirf of 

 the mines, but he survived the appointment only a few days, dying on 

 tbo 31st of March, 1852, in his thirty-eighth year. 



Kbelmcn was regarded with great hope for his combination of 

 sound and minute scientific knowledge with practical administrative 

 ability, and extensive powers of generalisation ; and his early death 

 was generally regretted. Ho contributed a great many papers to thu 

 ' Annalea des Mine*,' the ' Annales de Physique et de Che'inie,' and the 

 ' Bulletins de 1'Acaddmie des Sciences.' Among the more important 

 were some upon the composition of coal-gas, and iU employment in 

 metallic manufactures; and several upon the composition of rocks, 

 the artificial reproduction of minerals, &c., of which we may mention 

 'Sur les Produits de la Decomposition des espoces Mindrales de la 

 famille des :- ilicates,' 1845 ; 'Sur une nouvelle Muthode pour obtenir 

 des Combinations Criatallisc'es par la voie scche, et sur sea applications 

 ii la reproduction des espooes Miuerales,' 1847; ' Sur la Decomposition 

 des Roches,' 1848, and particularly '.Sur les Alterations del Roches 

 stratifices sous I'influcnce des agents atraospheriques ot des eaux 

 d'iuliltration,' 1851. The more important of his 'Mdmoires' have 

 been collected and published under the care of M. Salvetat with the 

 title of ' R.'cii' il des Travaux Scicntifiques do M. Ebclmen,' 2 vols. Svo, 



Paris, 1865. 



(M. ('In vreul, Notice mr M. Ebelmen; A'oMt 1 . Jilog. G6n(rale.) 



ECHAUI'. I.. \\VUKXCE. It is unknown when this author was 



born; but his translation of the 'Amphitryo' of Hautus was pub- 



lished in 1094. He was educated at Cambridge, and having taken 



orders, was presented to a living iu Lincolnshire. In 1712 he bocaoio 



