ENCKB, JOHANH FRANZ. 



ENGHIEV, DUO D 1 . 



CK K, JOHANK FRANZ, director of the Royal Observatory at 

 Berlin, WM born t Hamburg on September 88, 1791. HU father WM 



clentynian. aixl after beiti-,' prepared a', horn* be wan eut to tbe 

 University of Gottingen, where he studied under Professor Gauss. 

 On leaving tbe university he rotated the Prussisn military service, 

 and wai acting a* lieutenant of artillery ID the fortrcu of Kolberg, 

 wbeo he became acquainted with the Saxon minuter of utate Liodenau, 

 who gave bim a situation in the observatory of Seeberg, near Gotha. 

 He remained here till 1825, when he wat appointed Director of the 

 Koyal Observatory at Berlin, which (situation be has ever since occu- 

 pied. In the name year be wai elected a foreign member of the Royal 

 Society of London, and aomewhat later ha wa chos'-n secretary of 

 the mathematical aection of the Academy of Science at Berlin, and 

 he WM created a knight by Frederick William I V. in 1810. HU first 

 work WM hia collected observations on the transit of Venus, in his 

 work on 'Die Entferunng der Sonne,' published at Ootha in two 

 volume* in 1822 24. liut hit greatest work WM two treatises ' On tbe 

 Comet of Pons,' which appeared at Berlin in 1831-32. Kncko had 

 been engaged since ita appearance in 1818 in endeavouring to discover 

 the element* of ita orbit. He had been enabled, from the shortness 

 of ita revolution, to identify it with the comet described by Mcohain 

 and Meaner in 1786, in the constellation Aquarius; with that dis- 

 covered in 1795 in tbe constellation (Jvgnus, by Miss Hereohel; and 

 with tbe comet observed by Pons in 1805, and which had hitherto 

 been considered M separate bodies. His investigations had enabled 

 him to predict its return in 1822, adding the probability thut it would 

 not be seen in Europe, Hia prediction WM verified : the comet 

 appeared, and WM Men by M. Rnmker in New .South Wales on 

 June 3, 1822. This gentleman's observations enabled Encke to recon- 

 struct his calculations for its orbit more definitely, and to compute 

 its return with greater confidence in 1825. Ita reappearance occurred 

 M foretold, and the fresh materials then acquired gave him the means 

 of more certainly fixing its return for 182S, when it WM first observed 

 by Mr. Smith on October 30. It has thence received the name of Encke'a 

 comet. Its appearance in 1828 afforded him an opportunity of fixing 

 its orbit, which is within that of Jupiter, and its period of recurrence 

 is about three years and three-tenths, or more exactly, as determined on 

 its reappearance in 1832, in 3-2U years. From some of the phenomena 

 connected with it, Encke drew the conclusion that the heavens oppose 



misting medium to the motion of bodies, an idea to which he has 

 drawn attention in his treatises. From 1830 he haa issued yearly the 

 ' Astronomische Jahrbiicher,' a well-known and valuable series, and 

 'Astronomical Observations made at the Royal Observatory at Berlin,' 

 of which tbe first volume appeared in 1840. He also in 1845 pub- 

 lished dissertations ' De Formulis Dioptricis,' and in 1846 another 

 ' On the Relation of Astronomy to the other Sciences.' Encke's first 

 two treatises, originally published in the ' Astronomische Nachrichten,' 

 were translated by Professor Airy in 1832 under tbe title of ' Encka's 

 Dissertation,' and contained a full account of Encke's comet, with a 

 discussion of the question, suggested by Encke's resolution of its 

 orbit, and his hypothesis of a resisting medium, M to the gradual 

 approach of this comet to the sun. 



KN Kl KI.I , WILLIAM, WM born at Sudlmry, in Suffolk, on March 

 29, 1741, of humble but respectable parents. The disadvantages of 

 his early education were made amends for, in a great degree, by a 

 fouduess for reading and incessant labour towards improving bin 

 mind. This disposition to literary application introduced him to the 

 notice of Mr. HexUll, the dissenting minister of the place, who kindly 

 and judiciously directed him in bis studies, and by his encouragement 

 and advice led bim to devote himself to tbe Christian ministry. In 

 his seventeenth year he WM admitted to the Academy or Dissenting 

 College at Daventry, then conducted by tbe Rev. Dr. Ashwortb. Here 

 he passed through the usual course of study of five years, ami was 

 HattDcaished for bis habitual diligence and for an unusual facility 

 and elegance of composition. It was here also that he, with some 

 other* of his fellow-students, formed the design of making Christian 

 morality, rather than points of faith, the object of their discourse*. 

 Immediately on leaung the academy be was invited to the office of 

 minuter to the congregation of llenn's Garden, in Liverpool. In 1767 

 he married Mary, the only daughter of Mr. Holland, draper in Liver- 

 1 a connection which constituted his principal happiness for the 

 of his life. In 1768 and 1770 he published two volumes of 

 I which were very favourably received. One of these volume*, 

 rce, is rather remarkable for being embellished with vignette 

 sketches illustrative of the subject of each discourse, from the pencil 

 of KiwclL He took his leave of Liverpool on being invited to the 

 office of tutor in the belles lettres and resident conductor of the 

 discipline at the academy of Warrington. These offices he accepted 

 Ml conjunction with that of minuter to the dissenting congregation 

 of Warrington. The degree of Doctor of Laws WM obtained from 

 Edinburgh for him by tbe tnutees of the academy. 



Of I >r. Knficld s industry some idea may be formed from the following 

 list of the works which be published during his residence at Warriugton, 

 and in the midst of bis other various and important occupations : 



The IVsMhers Directory,' 4to, 1771 j The English Preacher, a Col- 

 lection of Sermons abridged and selected from various Authors,' 9 

 vela, 12mo, 1773; 'An Kvay towards the History of Liverpool, 

 principally from the Papers of Mr. George Perry,' fol, 1774; 



'Observations on Literary Property,' 4 to, 1774; 'The Speaker, or 

 Miscellaneous Pieces selected from tbe boat English Writers, far the 

 purposes of Reading and Speaking,' 8 vo, 1774 ; ' Biographical Sermons 

 on the Principal Characters of the Old and New Testament,' 12uio, 

 1777; ' Exercisei in Elocution, being a Snquel to the Speaker,' 8vo, 

 1781; 'A Translation of Rosignol's Elements of Geometry,' ftvo; 

 ' Institutes of Natural Philosophy, Theoretical and Experimental,' 4to, 

 1783. He published also various occasional sermons. None of these, 

 however useful in their day, are of much value now. The ' Speaker,' 

 it should however be noted, WM one of the first selections from our 

 English classical writer*. Dr. Entield published also while at War- 

 ringtou another small volume of sermons on the principal characters 

 -of the Old and New Testament, and Dr. Aikin says that wl.ili- thure 

 he drew up a series of discourses on the principal incidents and mor.il 

 precepts of the gospel. This work WM not published, but a selection 

 of twenty sermons from it forms tbe last of three volumes of discourses 

 which were published after his decease by subscription for the benefit 

 of his widow. The series of discourses on the gospels was written 

 chiefly, if not altogether, at Norwich. 



After the dissolution of tbe academy, Dr. Kufield rein lined two 

 years at Warrington, occupied in the education of private pupils and 

 in hia duties M minuter of the congregation. In 1785 he accepted an 

 invitation from the Octagon dissenting (Unitarian) congregation at 

 Norwich. He first settled at the village of Thorpe, whore he received 

 private pupils, and afterwards removed to Norwich, where at length 

 he devoted his whole time to literary occupations and his official 

 duties. It WM during his residence^ at Norwich that, besides being 

 engaged as a writer in the ' Monthly ' and ' Analytical ' reviews, be 

 undertook an abridgment of Kruckor's ' History of Philosophy,' in 

 2 vols. 4 to. In this task he was kindly encouraged by Dr. Bagot, at 

 that time bishop of Norwich, who accommodated him with book* 

 from Cambridge and from hia own library. 



Dr. Enfield was also a frequent contributor to the ' Monthly 

 Magazine ' at its commencement, in which the papers under the title 

 of the ' Enquirer' are mostly from his pen. His last literary under- 

 taking was that of a 'General Biographical Dictionary, in conjunction 

 with one of his oldest and most valued friends, Dr. John Aikin. llu 

 resided. at Norwich till his death, which, after a short but painful 

 illness, took place on November 3, 1797. 



As a sermon-writer, Dr. Enfield obtained so great a reputation as not 

 only to be applied to for assistance by bis leas industrious dissenting 

 brethren, but also, through the agency of a London bookseller, by 

 several of the clergy of the Establishment, for sermons on particular 

 occasions, for which he was liberally remunerated. As a preacher, 

 his manner of delivery WM grave and impressive, affecting rather a 

 uniform dignity than a variety of expression. As a companion, he 

 was universally esteemed in every situation, and at every period of 

 his life. 



ENGHIEN, LOUIS-ANTOINE-HENRI-DE-BOURBON, DUO D', 

 WM born at Chontilly in August 1772. He was the son of the Duke 

 of Bourbon and grandson of the Prince of Condc, being a lateral 

 branch of the then reigning family of Franco. After the French 

 revolution broke out, young d'Enghicn served under his grandfather 

 in the corps of the French emigrants who fought on the Rhine. At 

 the peace of Luneville in Austria in iMil the carps WM disbanded, 

 and d'Knghien fixed hia residence at Etteuheiui, a chateau on tin' 

 German side of the Rhine, a few miles from that river, and in the 

 territories of the margrave of Baden. An attachment between him 

 and the Princess Charlotte of Rohan, who resided at Ettenhi'im with 

 her relative the Cardinal de Rohan, induced the duke to remain there. 

 After the war had broken out again between England and France, 

 in 1803, the English government took the French emigrant* again 

 into its pay, and they were directed to go to the German side of tho 

 Rhine to act when required. The Duke of Enghien was looked upon 

 M their head. Meantime tbe conspiracy of Georges and I':. 

 against tho person of tho first consul, Bonaparte, was discovered at 

 Paris. It boa never been proved that tho Duke of Enghien was privy 

 to that conspiracy, but it appears that he WM led to expect an insur- 

 rectionary movement in France in favour of tbe Bourbons, of which 

 he intended to avail himself by entering Franca at the bead of the 

 emigrants. Bonaparte, alarmed at the conspiracy and at the avowed 

 intention of Georges to assassinate him, seems to have persuaded 

 himself that the Duke of Enghien WM connected with the 1'aris 

 conspirators, and that the whole WM a plan directed by tho Bourbons 

 in England and by the English government ; and he determined upon 

 getting rid of Us enemies by summary means. Ho accordingly 

 despatched a party of gendarmes, who crossed the Rhine, entered 

 without ceremony the neutral territory of Baden, surrounded the 

 chateau of Ettcnheim, and took tbe Duke of Enghieu prisoner, tho 

 15th of March 1804. [For the following part of the transaction, see 

 BOHAFARTE, NAPOLEON I., vol. I., col. 7S3.J Tho duke underwent the 

 mockery of a trial before a secret court, which evidently acted merely 

 M tbe instrument of the first consul; and its sentence was c 

 into execution with a most indecent hatto. The duke WM found 

 guilty of all the charges preferred against him, sonic ot which were 

 never proved. Even tbe recommendation of the court for a respite to 

 the prisoner WM overruled by Savary, who WM present at the sitting 

 M a sort of extra-judicial authority to watch over the proceedings. 



