: 



KKICK Xl>'. 



EKIXNA. 



WO 



mark under her so. pUe, wu appointod by the General States of tho 

 tore* kingiioiiu assembled at Calmar in 1894 to be her successor. He 

 tnarrud in 1410 Philippa, daughter of Henry IV. of England, and in 

 1412, alter Margaret'* death, he assumed the reins of government 

 But he toon gare proof* of incapacity, and hit capricious and tyran- 

 nical iway disgusted the Swedes, to whom he preferred hi* Danish 

 object*. Becoming entangled in a tedious war with the duke* of 

 HoUtein and Mecklenburg and the Hann Towns, in order to carry it 

 on he loaded hi* tubject* with taxes, while their commerce was ruined. 

 Be violated the article* of the Calmar union, stripped Sweden of its 

 archive*, which he took with him to Denmark, and filied moat military 

 and civil office* in Sweden with Danes and other foreigners. The 

 Dalecarliana were the fir.t to revolt, being led by a nobleman of the 

 name of Englebrecht They were joined by the North Hallan.lora 

 and others, and at list they obliged the senate of the kingdom 

 auembled at Wa<Istna to renounce its allegiance to Erick. Krick 

 made a hasty peace with the Hanse Towns, collected a fleet with 

 troop* on board, and sailed for Stockholm. Aftr repeated attempts, 

 he was obliged to make a convention with tho insurgents, by which 

 the kin;; retained purisons j u the throe castles of Stockholm, Cnlwar, 

 and Xykoping; all other situations in the kingdom being filled by 

 Swedish native*. At the same time ho promised to respect the 

 articles of the Calmar union, and returned to Denmark. But hu bad 

 faith kept alive the discontent, and in 1433 the leaders of the Swedes 

 entered into secret negotiations with tho chief men in Denmark, who 

 were likewise dissatisfied with Erick, and a general revolt ensued. 

 Krick had already withdrawn from Denmark into the island of Goth- 

 land with hi* treasure*. The Danes chose for their king Christopher, 

 duke of Bavaria, kin? Krick's sister's son, and the Swedish Diet 

 assembled at Arboga offered him likewise their crown under the stipu- 

 lation* of the Calmar union. Erick was allowed "by Christopher to 

 retain possession of the island of Gothland ; but after Christopher's 

 drath in 1448 Charles Knutaon, who succeeded to the throne of 

 Sweden, besieged Krick in the town of Wisby. Erick escaped into 

 Pomerania, with the assistance of Christian, king of Denmark, who 

 sent him to the island of Rugcn, where he ended his days. 



ERICK xiv. of Sweden, the son of Quatavus Van, was acknowledged, 

 by a dirt held at Westeraas in 1544, as heir to the throne while he 

 was in his eleventh year : he succeeded bis father in 1559. He began 

 by showing a considerable degree of jealousy towards hi-) brothers 

 John. Magnus, and Charles, whom their father had made dukes of 

 Finland, East Gothia, and Sudermanland, as feudatories of the crown. 

 He was also engaged in war with the Liflanderi, or Livoniaiis, who had 

 placed thmnselves under tho protection of Denmark and of Poland ; 

 but the Esthlander* remaining attached to Sweden, Erick sent an army 

 to Kevcl for their protection, and successfully defended that place 

 against the Pole*. Erick had at one time, before ho wa king, been a 

 suitor for the band of Elizabeth of England, and after his accession 

 to the throne he embarked to pursue his addresses in person. A 

 violent tempest however having driven him back to Sweden, Erick, 

 who wa* superstitious and a believer in astrology, gave up all thoughts 

 of the match, and turned his attention* to Mary, queen of Scotland, 

 but with no better result His brother John having married Catharine, 

 daughter of Sigismund, king of Poland, without Erick's consent, Erick 

 beaieged him in the castle of Abo, made him prisoner, and kept him 

 and bis wife in close confinement, until the remonstrances of the people 

 obliged him to release them. At the same time a war broke out 

 between Denmark and S we -en, in which the Swede* had the advantage 

 in crveral sea fight*. Meantime King Erick gave himself up entirely 

 to hu mUtmaet, and entru-t. d the c >rc of the kingdom to his favourite 

 Jorain Peerson, an unprincipled man, by whose advice and that of 

 Dionyaius Humous, a Frenchman by birth and his former tutor, he 

 put to death several noblemen, among other* tho Stures, father and 

 son, who belonged to a powerful Swedish family of Nils Sture : one 

 of them was stabbed by the king with hi* own hand. Erick even 

 went so far as to concert a scheme to put to death his brothers at a 

 great festival to be given at Stockholm, but having boen apprised of 

 it, they conipired against him, ceiled upon several castles, collected a 

 tore*, and marched upon the capital Erick, after some defence, was 

 obliged to surrender; the assembly of the state* deposed htm in 1563, 

 and be wa* kept a dole prisoner in the catlo of Gripsholm, where be 

 wa* treated very severely. Hi* brother John was proclaimed king of 

 Sweden. After nine yean' confinement, Erick wa> put to death by 

 potsoo, by order of hi* brother, in 1577. 



(Celaiua, A'Omuny Erick den Fwrtondu Hiiloria., 1793.) 

 ERICK, the name of several king* of Denmark : 

 KBICK L rrigned about the 9th wntury. He is commonly reckoned 

 as the first Christian king of Denmark, and it w under hi, reign that 

 Anagarius, bishop of Bremen, preached Christianity both in Denmark 

 and in .Sweden. 



KICK ii. succeeded hi* brother Olaf, or Olau* IV., about the year 

 ie mad* war in Pomerania, and took Jutin,then a considerable 

 town of that country. He greatly favoured the Christian religion, and 

 obtained of the pope the establishment of the archbishopric of Laud 

 in Bosnia, which th. n belonged to Denmark. Erick visited Home, and 

 died in th* island of Cyprus about 1 103, while on a pilgrimage to the 

 Holy Land. 



KmiCK in., son of the preceding, ma 1* war against the Wendei, or 



Vandals, who were carrying on piracy in the Baltic. He died about 

 1138, and was succeeded by 



ERICK iv., his ion, called the ' Lamb,' who turned monk at Odeuiee, 

 in 1147. 



ERICK v. succeeded his father Waldemar II. in 1241, and was 

 murdered by his brother Abel in 1250, who succeeded him on the 

 throne. 



ERICK TL succeeded his father Christopher L in 1259, was engaged 

 in war against the king of Norway, and was involved in disputes with 

 his own nobles, who, at a diet held at Wyborg in 12s'2, obliged him 

 to sign an act defining their privileges and the limits of the royal 

 authority. He was taken prisoner in battle by Erick, duke of Holstein, 

 and cruelly murdered iu 1286. 



ERICK vii. succeeded his father Erick VI., and continued the war 

 agaiust the king of Norway. He reigned till 1319, and was succeeded 

 by his brother, Christopher II. 



ERICK Tin., styled by some vii., is the same as Erick XIII. of 

 Sweden, the nephew aud successor of Margaret of Waldemar. [See 

 EKICK XIII. OF SWEDEN.] 



ERICSSON, JOHN, engineer, a native of Sweden, but whose 

 inventions have been brought before the scientific world in England 

 and America, was born iu the province of Veruieland in 1803. In 

 1314, by the friendship of Count Platen, who observe I his mechanical 

 tastes, he obtained a cadetsbip in a corps of Engineers. He subse- 

 quently entered the regular army as an ensign, aud at length i 

 the rank of lieutenant. In 182t> he visited England in order to bring 

 into notice a new kind of engine which he bad invented, and which 

 he proposed to work without steam, by the condensation of fiame. 

 The project failed from the impossibility of procuring suitable fii'-l fur 

 the engine. He competed for the prize which was offered by the 

 Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company in 1829, for the produc- 

 tion of the best locomotive, aud presented on engine which went at 

 the rate of fifty miles an hour. Ericsson's subsequent career lay 

 chiefly in America. In the Great Industrial Exhibition of London in 

 1851, several instruments for the measurements of distances at sea, for 

 measuring fluids under pressure, aud other similar purposes, appeared 

 in the American department under Mr. Ericsson's name, and were 

 described by him in a small work which he issued at the time. Hi* 

 name is chiefly known in connection with a project for a caloric 

 engine, which was to supersede steam, an object which, if accom- 

 plished would, by removing the necessity of carrying large cargoes of 

 fuel, have effected a great commercial change in the intercourse 

 between distant parts of the globe. A* the principle did not obtain 

 the sanction of the scientific men to whom the British government 

 referred its consideration, Mr. Ericsson tried it in America, and 

 obtained sufficient cooperation to enable him to launch a vessel named 

 after himself, and measuring 2000 tons. This vessel made a trial trip, 

 in which she sailed at the rate of twelve miles an hour, but on her 

 return she wo* struck by a squall, filled, and fouudered close to the 

 city of Jersey. The Ericsson was subsequently raised, and the 

 caloric engine was replaced by a steam engine, which possessed some 

 improvement* invented by Mr. Ericsson. Mr. Ericsson was a member 

 of numerous scientific societies and a knight of the Swedish order of 

 Vasa. He died on the 2nd of November 1853. 



EBI'GENA, JOANNES SCOTUS, a native of Ireland, whence his 

 appellation of Erigena is derived, that of Scotus being synonymous 

 with it, as the Irish were still called in foreign countries Scuts in 

 those times, flourished about tho middle of the 9th century, aud was a 

 celebrated scholar of that age. He resided chiefly iu France, at tho 

 court of Charles tho Bald, who seems to have been very partial to him. 

 His writings on theological matters were considered as heterodox, and 

 bis treatise on the Eucharist was condemned to be burnt by the council 

 of Homo, in 1059. [BE IKNOKR.] His treatise on predestination is 

 found in the ' Vindicio) Pncdestiuationis et Gratia;,' 2 vola. 4to, 1650. 

 In his work ' Dialogue de Divisione Nature) ' he displays a wonderful 

 information for the times he lived in, and an intimate acquaintance 

 with the Greek language. He gives large extracts from the Ureek 

 fathers, and also quotes Aristotle, Plato, Cicero, Pliny, and other 

 ancient philosophers; aud he gives the opinions of Pythagoras and 

 Eratosthenes on some astronomical topics. In another part ha inserts 

 a very elaborate discussion on arithmetic. Hallam says that "it 

 admits of no doubt that John Scotus was, in a literary aud philoso- 

 phical ense, the moat remarkable man of the dark ages : no one else 

 had his boldness, hi* subtlety in threading the labyrinths of meta- 

 physical speculations, which iu the west of Europe bad been utterly 

 disregarded." ('Middle Ages,' c, ix., pt i., note 2.) Erigeua also 

 translated from the Greek certain theological works attributed to 

 Dionysius Areopagiia. To the writings and translation* of Erigena is 

 attributed by some the introduction of the later Platonutn of tho 

 Alexandrian school into the theology aud metaphysics of Europe. 

 Erigena is believed to have died in France about 875. He must not 

 be confounded with Joannes Duns Scotu.i, who lived in the 13th 

 century. [Duns Scores.] 



ERINN A, a poetes* and the friend of Sappho, flourished about the 

 year B.C. 595. All that in known of her is contained iu the following 

 word* of Eustathius (ai ' Iliad,' ii. p. 327) : " Krinna was born iu 

 Lesbos, or in Rhodes, or in Teos, or in Tulos, the little inland near 

 Cnidos. She was a poetess, and wrote a poem called ' The Distaff,' 



