Ml 



KfDOCIA 



EOOENIUS II. 



ad the founder of the school called the Megaric, wliioh may be eon- 

 udered as the predecessor of the Sceptical lohool of a later date. 

 Thu reboot wu distinguished bj iU dialectic subtlety, by which 

 ooDtradietory propositions eould be proved, the consequence of which 

 wan universal doubt The Supreme Oood, according to Euclid, was 

 always the tame and unchangeable. He wrote aix dialogues, which 

 are lost. (Sre De Mrgariconim Ductrina ejunque apud Platonem et 

 Aristotolem vestigii-,' Ferd. Deycks, Bonn, 1827, Svo.) 



ECDO'CIA, daughter of Leontius, sn Athenian sophist, was called 

 Athenai* before her baptism. She was celebrated for her beauty, and 

 also for her learning, having been carefully instructed by her father in 

 literature and the sciences. After her father's death, being; deprived by 

 her brothers of all share in the inheritance, she repaired to Constan- 

 tinople, and appealed to Pulcheria, sinter of Tbeodosiua II., who was 

 o pleased with her that che induced Tbeodosius to marry her, A.D. 421. 

 Kndocia surround*! herself with learned men ; but about 449 the 

 emperor, through jealousy, dismissed all her court, and had her 

 exiled to Palestine, where she continued to reside after his death. 

 She there embraced the opinions of Kutyches, and supported by her 

 liberality snd influence the monk Tbeodosius, who forced himself 

 into the tee of Jerusalem, after driving away Juvenal, the orthodox 

 binhop, and kept it until he was himself driven away by order of tho 

 Emperor tfarcianua. Euthymius, called the Saint, by hi* reasoning* 

 brought back Kudocia to the orthodox faith, after which she spent 

 the remainder of her days at Jerusalem, where she died in 460, pro- 

 testing her innocence of the guilt with which her husband had charged 

 her. Kudocia wrote several works, of which Photius quotes a trans- 

 lation in verse of the first eight books of the Old Testament. There 

 is also attributed to her a Life of Christ,' composed of lines taken 

 from Homer, which was translated into Latin by Kchard, and pub- 

 lished under the title of ' Homeric! Centones Orjece et Lntine, 

 interprete Kchardo,' Paris, 1578. Most critics however believe that it 

 i> not the work of Kudocia, though Ducange is of the contrary opinion. 



KUDOCIA the Younger, daughter of the preceding and of Theo- 

 doeius II., married Valeutiuianus III. After the assassination of her 

 husband by Petronius Maximus, she was obliged to marry the usurper. 

 Kudocia, out of indignation and revenge, called in Uenseric, king of 

 the Vandals, who came to Italy, plundered. Rome, and carried Eudocia 

 to Africa with him. Some years afterwards she was sent back to 

 Constantinople, A u. 462, where she died. 



EUDOCIA, the widow of Constautinua Ducas, married Romanus 

 Diogeae*, an officer of distinction, in 1008, and associated him with 

 her on the throne. Tbr-e years after, Michael, her son, by means of 

 a revolt, was proclaimed emperor, and caused his mother to be shut 

 up in a convent, where she lived the rest of her life. She left a 

 treatise on the genealogies of the gods and heroes, which displays an 

 extensive acquaintance with the subject It is printed in Villoison's 

 ' Anecdota Greco,' 2 vols. 4to. 1781. 



KUDOXUS, a native of Cnidus, a city of Caria, iu Asia Minor, and 

 the son of .Kscuincs, flourished about ac. 370. Ho studied geometry 

 in,. I r Archytas, and afterwards travelled into Egypt to study tha 

 sciences under the priests of that country. Diogenes Laertius informs 

 u< that be and Plato studied in the-e schools for about thirteen yearn, 

 after which Kudoxus came to Athens, and opened a school of his own, 

 which be supported with such reputation that it excited the envy 

 even of Plato bim-elf. To him it attributed the introduction of the 

 sphere into Greece ; and, according to Pliny, he first made (probably 

 fiom Kgypt.au fources) the length of th year 865J days. Proolus 

 informs us that Euclid very liberally borrowed from the elements of 

 geometry composed by Kudoxus. Cicero calls Eudoxus the greatest 

 astronomer that had ev< r lived ; and we learn from Petronius that be 

 retired to the top of a very high mountain that he might observe the 

 celestial phenomena with more convenience than he could on a plain 

 or in a crowded city. Strabo (p. 119) says that the observatory of 

 xiis was at Cuidun, from which the astronomer saw the slur 

 Canopus. Vitruvius (ix. 9) describes a sun-dial constructed by him ; 

 Stiabu (p. 390) quotes him u a distinguished mathematician. 

 Nothing of his works remains. He died in the fifty-third year of 

 hi* age. 



EUDOXUS of Cyiicm was sent by Ptolemomi VIL, of Egypt, on a 

 voyage to India about B.C. 126. (Strabo, p. 08 ; Caiaub.) The passage 

 of Stnbo referred to contains an account of his adventures. From 

 this Kudoxus, or another of the name, Strabo derived some materials 

 for hi. great work (37. 560, Ac.) 



UQENE, FRANV01S DE SAVOIE, commonly called Prince 

 Eugeao, was paternally descended, in the third degree, from the ducal 

 tous of Savoy, but was a French subject by birth, being a younger 

 son of the Comte de Soissons, and born at Paris October 18, 1663. 

 He wan designed for th church, but having formed a decided |,i f r 

 nice for a military life, and being alao moved by certain wrong* which 

 ba " 1 dooe to bu fuaU bv L " 1 * XIV -. 



t, -. 



IK* be deeply resented, be entered the tervioe of the emperor Leo- 

 pold. tnm this time he renounced hi. allegiance to France, and long 

 after, when his reputation was at ite height, rejected the moat brilliant 

 ! nude by the French government to purchase his return to the 

 *rvice of his native country. Ilia first campaign was against the 

 lurks, at thn celebrated .iege of Vienna in 1683. Eminent bravery 

 and Ulent, joined to high birtli, ensured him rapid promotion. In 



16S8-89, on the breaking out of war between France and the Kmpire, 

 lie was employed on a diplomatic mission to the Duke of Savoy, and 

 in 1691 was raised to the command of the imperial army in Piedmont. 

 During two campaigns he maintained n decided advantage over the 

 French : in 1693 he was less successful. The duke having returned to 

 the French alliance, we next find Prince Kugene commanding the army 

 in Hungary, where he won a great victory over the Turks at Zenta, 

 on the river Theiss, September 11,1697. The peace of Carlowitz(1699) 

 closed this scene of action ; but a more brilliant one was opened in 

 1701 by the war of the Spanish succeanion. During two years Eugene 

 maintained the imperial cause in Italy with honour against superior 

 forces commanded successively by Catinat, Villeroi, and Venddme, 

 against tho last of whom be fought the indecisive battle of Luzara, 

 August 1, 1702, in which the flower of his troops was destroyed. At 

 the end of this campaign he returned to Vienna, and was appointed 

 president of the council of war. 



In 1704 he commanded the imperial troops at the battle of Blen- 

 heim, August 13, 1704. The successes of the French in Piedmont 

 made it expedient for him to return thither in 1705. He soon re- 

 stored the I Juke of Savoy's declining fortunes, and won the decisive 

 battle of Turin, September 7, 1706. after which the French evacuated 

 the country. He was thus set again at liberty to co-operate with 

 Marlborough in 1708, and bad a share in the victory of Oudenarde, 

 and in the capture of Lille, the siege of which was entrusted to him, 

 while Marlborough protected his operations. In 1709 he was wounded 

 at the bloody battle of Malplaquet, of which ho was the chief adviser, 

 and in which he led tbo attack upon the left wing. On the death of 

 the emperor Joseph in 1711, he took an important part in securing 

 the succession to his brother Charles VI., and he vNited Kugland at 

 the end of that year, in hope of preventing the secession of England 

 from the alliance. He was received as his services deserved, but made 

 no progress towards his object ; for the dismissal of the Whig ministry 

 was soon followed by the congress and peace of Utrecht. The emperor 

 being no party to that treaty, Eugene invaded France in 1712 with 

 little advantage, and it became evident that the interests of the empire 

 would be best consulted by peace: the preliminaries were accordingly 

 signed at Kastadt, March 6, 1714. 



In 1716 Prince Eugene again marched against the Turks, and won tha 

 battle of Peterwaradin. August 6, against an enormous disproportion 

 of numbers. In tho following year he besieged Belgrade with 40,000 



in. With troops wasted by disease, pressed by an army of 150,000 

 men from without and opposed by a powerful garrison from within, 

 he was in tha utmost danger, when, with the happy boldness which 

 distinguished him, he seized the right moment, and inflicted a signal 

 defeat on the army which threatened him. Upon this the t>r.\u 

 surrendered. Peace was concluded in the following year. 



He now took up his residence at Vienna, honoured and tru-- 

 the emperor, in whose political service he was much employed. Iu 

 1733 a fresh quarrel with France called him again to command the 

 imperial army on the banks of the Rhine. This war is said to have 

 been undertaken against his advice : at all events age had diminished 

 his energy : he contented himself with standing on the defensive, and 

 used his influence to effect a reconciliation. Preliminaries of peace 

 were signed at Vienna, October 5, 1735. He died suddenly in that 

 capital AprU 21, 1736, aged 73. 



As a general Prince Eugene ranks among the first of his kind, but 

 that kind was not of the highest order of excellence. His name is 

 memorable for no improvements in thx art of war, neither was he 

 famous for skill in manoeuvring or combining the operations of dis- 

 tinct masses U|K>n one object His characteristics Were penetration, 

 quickness of perception, decision, and what usually goes along with 

 them, readiness in amending a fault when made; so that his skill lay 

 rather in making the best of given circumstances than in bending cir- 

 cumstances to his will beforehand. It it said that he al ways took great 

 pains to learn the character of the general opposed to him. Careless 

 of his own person (he was thirteen times wounded iu battle), he was 

 also somewhat prodigal of his soldiers' live*. However, he threw a 

 glory round tho Austrian arms such as has never dignified them either 

 before or since. 



The best account of his exploits ia ' L'HUtoire du Prince Eugene,' 

 5 vols. 12mo, by M. de Maubillon, but published without bis name. 

 In English, there is Campbell's ' Military History of Prince Ku^ > :u : .l 

 the Duke of Marlborough,' 2 vols. folio, besides several smaller works. 

 Prince Eugene wrote memoirs of himself, which have been published 

 both in French and Englinh. 



EUUE'NIUS I., pope, a native of Home, was elected by the Romans 

 in 664, as successor to Martin I., who had been sent into banishment 

 to the Thracian Chersouesus by order of the emperor Constaus II., 

 who favoured the schism of the Monothelitea. Martiu dying in the 

 following year, Kugenius continued in dispute with the court of 

 Constantinople till he died iu 657, and was succeeded by Vitalianus. 



EUGEX1US II., a native of Rome, succeeded Paachas I. in 824, in 

 the midst of great disorder which occurred at Rome owing to the 

 corrupt fctate of society and maladministration of that city. To 

 reform these, the emperor, Louis the Oood, H.-nt Inn son Lothariiu to 

 Home, who corrected many abuses which, by the account of Egiuhardt 

 and other chroniclers, had grown to an enormous extent. He confirmed 

 the right of electing the pope to the clergy and people of Rome, but 



