EUPHRANOR. 



tat 



tin which bound him to hi* native home; baring learned hi* father's 

 death, be went in 1750 to Frankfurt to receive hi* widowed mother, 

 and brought her to Berlin, where ahe lived until 1761, enjoying with 

 a motht-r's feeling the glorioui distinction to which her aou by him 

 talcuU and indefatigable industry had arrived. 



An incident which occurred in 1760 showed how highly Euler wai 

 in general esteemed. The Russians having entered Brandenburg, 

 advanced to Charlottenbunr, and plundered a farm which belonged 

 to Euler. When General Tottleben wai informed who the proprietor 

 wa, he ordered immediate reparation to be made to an amount far 

 above the injury, and the Empress Elisabeth presented him with 

 4 000 Boring. 



In conaequeuce of hU unceasing application to study, Euler had the 

 misfortune to lose the tight of one eye in 1736, and in 1766 that of the 

 other; be however continued hi* valuable researches, some of his 

 family acting as amanuensis, and his powers of memory are said to 

 have bem wonderfully increased even in his old age. He accepted the 

 invitation of the Empress Catharine 1 1. of Russia to return to St Peters- 

 burg in 1766, where he would have fallen a victim to an accidental fire 

 which destroyed his house and property in 1771, but for the courageous 

 efforts of a fellow-countryman (M. Qrimon), who bore the old man 

 away in his arms. Hi* manuscript* were saved by the exertions of 

 Count Orloff. 



On the 7th of September 1783, after some calculations on the 

 motions of balloons, then newly invented, Euler dined with I.exell, 

 and conversed on the lately-discovered planet HerscheL While playing 

 with his grandchild, who was taking tea, he expired suddenly and 

 without pain. 



Euler was twice married iii the same family, and had many children 

 and grand-children ; his habit of life was strictly religious, the labours 

 of each day being closed with a chapter from th'e Bible and family 

 prayer. A catalogue of his published and unpublished writings is 

 given at the end of the 2nd volume of hi* ' Institutions Calculi 

 Differentialis,' 1787 ; and to the first is prefixed an eloquent Eloge by 

 Condorcet. 



Every useful subject of mathematical research engaged at some 

 tiin the attention of Euler; and for relaxation he amused himself 

 with question* of pure curiosity, such as the knight's inuve in chess 

 so as to cover all the squares. His various researches have gone far 

 towards creating the geometry of situation, a subject still imperfectly 

 known. The following is one of the questions which Kuler has gene- 

 ralised : ' At Konik'burg, iu Prussia, the river divides into two 

 branches, with an island in the middle, connected by seven bridges 

 with the adjoining shores ; it was proposed to determine how a man 

 should travel so as to pass over each bridge once and once only.' 



The memoirs of Euler are principally contained in the following 

 works : ' Comment. Acad. Petrop.,' 1729-51 ; ' Novi Comment Aoad. 

 PeUropJ 1750-76; 'Nova Acta Acad. Petrop.,' 1777-81; 'Hem. do 

 1'Acad. de Sciences,' 1765-78 ; ' Receuil de 1'Acad.,' 1727, fee. ; ' Misoell. 

 Beroll., 1 torn. vii. ; ' Mem. de 1'Aead. de Berlin,' 1745-67. 



ED'MKNES, of Cardia, a town in the Tbracian Chersonese, was 

 an important actor iu the troubled times which followed the death of 

 Alexander the Great. [ALEXANDER III ; ANTITATER; AHRHIDJEUB; 

 PKROIOCAS.] Being early taken into the service of Philip of Macedon, 

 he served him for seven, and Alexander for thirteen years, in the 

 confidential office of secretary. lie also displayed great talent for 

 military affairs through the Persian campaigns, and was one of Alex- 

 ander's favourite and most esteemed officers. After Alexander's death, 

 in the general division of his conquests, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, and 

 the coast of the Kuxine as far as 1'rapezus, fell to the shore of Eumenes. 

 This was an expectancy rather than a provision, for the Macedonian 

 army bad passed south of these countries in the march to Persia, and 

 as yet they were unsubdued. Perdiooas however took arms to establish 

 Kumeue* in bis new government, and did so at the expense of a single 



Coin of Kumf nr. 

 Biiti.h Muearn. Actual .lie. Bllrrr. Weight 163 rrslni. 



battle. To I'erdioca* a* regent, and after hi* death to the royal family 

 of Macedon, Kumenee was a faithful ally through good and evil ; indeed 

 be is the only one of Alexander's officers in whose conduct sny appear- 

 ane* of gratitude or disinterestedness can be traced. When war broke 

 oat between Ptoleancu* and I'erdiooas (B.C. 821), he was appointed by 

 the latter to the chief command in Aia Minor between Mount Taurus 

 and the Hellespont (Cor. Men., c. 3), to resist the expected invasion of 

 Antipater and Craterua. He defeated Craterus; but the death of 

 Perdioeas in Egypt threw the bnlance of power into the hands of 



Antipater, who made a new allotment of the provinces, in which 

 Kumene* was omitted, and Cappadocia given to another. The task of 

 reducing him was assigned to Antigoous, about u. c. 820. The rest of 

 his life was spent in open hostility or doubtful alliance with AHTIOO- 

 NUS, into whose bands he was at length betrayed, and by whom he 

 was put to death, B.C. 315, as is related in that article, voL L, col. 238. 

 Eumeues was an admirable partisan soldier, brave, full of resource!!, 

 and of unbroken spirits. Those parts of Uiodorus Siculus (book xviii.) 

 which relate to him, and Plutarch's ' Life,' will be read with pleasure 

 by those who are fond of military adventure. Plutarch (' Life of 

 Eumenes,' c. ii.) speaks of some of his letter*. The reader uiay also 

 consult also Droysen, ' Gescbiohto der Nachfolger Alexanders,' Ham- 

 burg, 1836. 



EUNA'PIUS, aByxantine historian and sophist, was bom at Sardes, 

 in Lydia, A.D. 347. He began his studies under Chrysanthius the 

 Sophist, by whose advice he is said to have compose 1 the lives of some 

 philosophers and physicians. In his sixteenth year he left Asia for 

 Athens to attend the lectures of Proffiresius, by whom he appears to 

 have been subsequently treated with the utmost kindness. After 

 attending Proteresius for five years he meditated a journey to Egypt, 

 in imitation, as Hadrian Junius says, of Plato and Kudoxua : this 

 intention however he was prevented from fulfilling. He practised 

 medicine with considerable repute, and distinguished himself by ardent 

 Neoplatonism, and a vehement antipathy to Christianity. Besides hi* 

 biographical works, he wrote a continuation of Uexippus'g history, 

 from the reign of Claudius Qotbicus, where he quitted it, to the year 

 404. All that remain of his historical works are contained in the 

 edition of the 'Byzantine Historians' by Niebuhr and Bekker, vol. i. 

 [BYZANTINE HISTORIANS.] There is a complete edition of the works 

 of Knnapins by Boisaonade in 2 vols. 8vo, Amsterdam, 1822, with 

 Wyttenbach's notes, and a life by Hadrian Junius. (See PI. 

 codd. 77, 219 ; Suidas, under the word ' KwyarovTo-oj ;' and Eunspins 

 in his life of ' Pro;creius.') 



EUNO'MIUS, one of the chiefs of the Ariau sect during the creator 

 part of the 4th century, was a native of the town of Dacora in Cappa- 

 docia, and at first was a lawyer. It is said that he also followed for 

 some time the military profession. He then became a disciple of 

 .'Ktinx, under whom he very successfully studied the, doctrinal theory 

 of Christianity as understood by the Anti-Trinitarians. At Autim-li 

 he was ordaiued a deacon, and about 360 was elected Bishop of 

 Cyzioum. The divinity of Christ was at this period the all-absorbing 

 subject of ecclesiastical controversy. The Trinitarians contended for 

 the Athauasian or Homoousian doctrine (from titoowriot, ' of the name 

 essence'), against the Semi-Arians, who held the Homoiouaion doctrine 

 (from i/uuowiaf, ' of the like essence '), and against the doctrine of 

 the Anouioiaus (from ivoftotos, ' of a different essence'). Iu defence 

 of the Anomoian theory, or as it is by some called the Kunominn 

 Eunoraius being asserted to have originated it or that of unni 

 Arianisin, Kununnus exerted a high degree of natural abilities, uerting 

 tho impossibility of two principle* iu a simple substauce, one of which 

 is generated from the other, and exhibits the relation of a sou to his 

 fatbrr. The divine exaence, he said, is necessarily characterised by 

 oneness and indivisibility ; the persons of the Godhead, like the divine 

 attributes of wisdom, justice, mercy, &.C., are merely names of ideal 

 di-tiuutions of the one Supreme Essence, as considered in its different 

 relations with exterior objects; and it is contradiction and manifest 

 absurdity to suppose this simple essence to consist of a plurality of 

 principles or parts. In reply to these psychological subtleties, the 

 advocates of the Trinitarian doctrine alleged the total incomprehen- 

 sibility of the nature of God. (St. Ba-il, ' Kpist.,' 160 ; St Chrynostom, 

 'De IncomprehenaibiliteteDei Nature.') Eunomiu* still acknowledged 

 a father, son, and holy spirit, but the father as supreme, eternal, and 

 distinct ; the son as generated from the father, and the holy spirit as 

 generated from the son. In the ceremony of baptism he dipped only 

 the head and shoulders, regarding the lower parts of the body as 

 disreputable, and unworthy of immersion iu the holy water ; and it 

 is said he taught that those who faithfully adhered to his own theory 

 of Christian doctrine might commit any degree of sin without incur- 

 ring the danger of perdition ; but this is probably a misrepresentation 

 by his opponents, who also accuse him of being an Autinoiuian, that 

 is, one of those who reject the Mosaic law. (Theodoret, ' Hn>n t.. 1 I. 

 4, c. 8 ; St. Augustin, ' De Hicres. ;' Kpiphanius, ' Haeres.,' 76 ; Buroniua, 

 ' ad an.,' 356.) Kuuomius experienced a great severity of persecution 

 without swerving in any degree, from the Arian tenets with which he 

 commenced his career. He was thrice banished from bin episcopal 

 see ; first, by Conetantiua to Phrygia ; then by Valens to Mauritania ; 

 and lastly, by Theodosius to the inland of Naxos : however, lu- 

 lu peace, at a very advanced age, in the year 894. Most of his works 

 are lost, including a copious commentary on tho ' Epistle to tho 

 Romans' in 7 vols., and numerous letter*. Two of his priii ijml 

 treatises are printed in the ' Bibliotbeca Unrca' of Fabricius iu < 

 and Latin (torn. 8, pp. 235*3u5) : 'A Confession of Faith,' pri'-i- ' 'I 

 in 888 to the Emporor Theodosius; and an 'Apologetic Digcoui 

 28 chapters. (Cave, Prim. Chriitianity, part 2, c. 11 ; Pluquet, liiii. 

 de Hirftiti; Broughton, J/utorical />><!. ; Dr. A. Clarke, Succaiioii i*f 

 roL i . |> 318; Basnage, in Uanuiiu, i. 172.) 



I I I'll KAN OK, of the Isthmus of Corinth, or the Isthmian, ns 

 Pliny terms him, was one of the most celebrated of the ancient Ureek 



