EUSEBIUS PAMPUILI. 



EUIBBIU8. 



a 10 



TbU therefore Mem* to b Ihe fitted place in which to giro a brief 

 account of that particular and somewhat remarkable dramatic sped**. 

 From thu piece iteelf and from all collateral evidence, it is to be 

 iufenvd that the aatyrio drama was never acted but u a kind of 

 hortor and lighter after-piece, to relieve the ininds uf the audience, 

 especially Uie ruder portion of them, after the grave impre.wion of 

 (be nrioui performancm : for which purpoae however it seems to 

 bare bren very constantly employed, each tragic trilogy being almost 

 inrariably aoeompanied by one of these shorter and lighter pro- 

 duction*. Thai we find mention made of five aatyric pieces of 

 jKschyliw, (even or eight of Sophocles, fire uf Euripides, besides a 

 number of others by various minor authors. Notwithstanding its 

 burlesque ingredient*, the tragic character was so far preserved in the 

 aatyric play, that the subject appears to hare been always historical, 

 and the action partly serious, though with a fortunate catastrophe. 

 No Iras than tragedy and comedy, the aatyric drama had iU peculiar 

 and appropriate stage decorations, representing woods, care*, moun- 

 tains, aud other diversities of the sylvan landscape. Satyrs old and 

 young, with Silenun in his various ages, were distinguished from one 

 another by the variety of their grotesque masks, crowned with long 

 Knaggy goats' hair ; while the satyrs were negligently clad in skins of 

 beasts, and the Sileni decorated with garlands of flowers skilfully 

 woven. The satyr parts too appear to have been sometimes acted by 

 pantomimic pirformers moving on a kind of stilts, to give more com- 

 pletely the appearance of goats' lego. The choral dance, it is hardly 

 necessary to remark, was thoroughly rustic, peculiarly lively, and 

 quite opposite in character to the solemn and impressive movements 

 which acc-oui|>auied the serious tragedy. The piece of Euripides has 

 for its subject the adventure of Ulysses with Polyphemus, as related 

 in the ' Odyssey,' with the addition of Silenus and his satyr band ; 

 the characters are accurately discriminated and consistently maintained ; 

 and the nature of the plot produces such natural contrasts and even 

 blendings of the ludicrous with the horrible, as above all things else, 

 render this drama unique among the Grecian remain". 



The editions of Euripides are numerous. The first edition, that of 

 J. Losksris, Florence, near the close of the 15th century, contains 

 only the ' Medea,' ' Hippolytus,' ' Alcestis,' and ' Andromache.' That 

 of Aldus, Venice, 1503, contains seventeen plays, among which is the 

 ' Cyclops.' A mong subsequent editions are those by Canter, Antwerp, 

 1571; Barnes, Cambridge, 1694; Husgrave, Oxford, 1778; Beck, 

 Leipzig, 1778-1788. The last complete editions are by Aug. Matthia, 

 Leipzig, 1818-20, in 9 vols., a variorum edition in 9 vols., Glasgow, 

 } 825, and that by F. H. Bothe, Leipzig, 1 825. The editions of separate 

 plays are also numerous ; among which that of the ' Hecuba,' 

 ' Orestes,' ' I'hoenisMD,' and ' Medea,' by Person, is the best known. 

 Euripides has been translated into German by F. H. Bothe, and into 

 English by Potter. There are also translations in German of several 

 of the separate plays. 



EUSE'BIUS PA'MPHILI, Bishop of Gosarea, in Palestine, the 

 friend of Constantino, and one of the most distinguished among the 

 earlier Christian writers, was born in Palestine towards the end of the 

 reign of Gallienus, about 264. He passed the earlier port of his life at 

 Antioch, aud acquired a great reputation for learning; it was said of 

 him " that he knew all that had been written before him." He became 

 intimate with Painpliilus, bishop of Cmarea, who suffered martyrdom 

 under Galeriua in the year 309, and in memory of whose friendship lie 

 added to hit name that of PamphilL In 313 he was himself raised to 

 to* see of Csosarea, which ho filled until his death. He attended the 

 great council of Nictea in 325, where he joined his brethren in con- 

 demning the tenets of Arius ; but he is said to have raised some 

 objtctiou* to the word " consubstsntial with the Father" as applied 

 to the Son, in the Nicacan creed. His intimacy with his namesake 

 Eusetiua, bishop of Nicomedia, who openly espoused the cause of 

 Arius, led him also to favour the same, and to use his influence with 

 the emperor for the purpose of reinstating Arius in his church, in 

 defiance of the opposition of Athanasius. [ARIUS ; ATHANASIUS.] The 

 party to which he attached himself were called Eusebians, from their 

 leader, Kusebius of Nicomedia ; and they seem to have acted in great 

 measure from hottility against Atbanasius and his supporters, as they 

 did not u yet openly advocate the objectionable tenets of Ariu*, who 

 bad liimelf apparently submitted to the decrees of the council of 

 Nioca. In 381 Euaebius attended a council at Antioch, consisting of 

 prelate* of this party, wbo deposed, on some insidious charge, the 

 bishop KusUthiu*, a zealous supporter of the Xictcan doctrine, and 

 offered the ere of Antioch to Kusebini of Ctoarea, which be declined. 

 At the council of Tyre, in 335, Euaebius joined in condemning and 

 deposing Atbanasius on the charges of disobedience to the emperor in 

 not reinstating Arius, want of respect to the council, and an alleged 

 desecration of some sacred vessels. Kusebius was deputed by the 

 council to defend before Constantine the judgment which they had 

 paesed against Athaaasins, and he appear* to have used hi* influence 

 with the emperor to have Athanasius banished. The part which he 

 took in this unfortunate controversy caused him to be stigmatised a< 

 an Arian, though it appears that he fully admitted the divinity of 

 Christ ; and all that bis accuser* can prove is, that in his earlier 

 writing* be aeesrtsil bis belief that there was a certain subordination 

 among the pen-on" of tb* Trinity. K*scb! MI of Cexarea died in 840. 



Kusebius was poeeened of most extra* re erudition, sacred as well 



as profane, and be was one of the warmest defender* and expounders 

 of Christianity. His principal works arc : 1. The ' Ecclesiastical 

 History,' in ten books, from the advent of our Saviour to the defeat of 

 l.iciniiis by Conatentine in 324. Eusebius ha* been stylad the father 

 of ecclesiastic*! history. He is silent on the subject of the Arian 

 controversy, although it had begun at the time when be ends hi 

 narrative. Upon the whole, his history is written with considerable 

 discrimination and impartiality. 2. ' De Praparatione Evaugelica,' in 

 fifteen books. In this work he examines the various systems of theo- 

 sopliy aud cosmogony of the ancient philosophers, the purest part of 

 which, he maintains, was borrowed from the Jewish sacred writing*. 

 Among the writers whom he quotes, and whose works are now lost, 

 arc the Phconioian Sanchoniatho and the Egyptian Hanetho. From 

 the aberrations of the heathens and the speculations of the philoso- 

 phers he draws arguments in favour of the truth of the Christian 

 doctrines. This work of Kusebius was followed by another 3, ' De 

 Demonstration!) Erangelico,' in twenty book*, of which only ten have 

 come down to us. It consists of further proofs of the truth of the 

 Christian faith, chiefly directed against the Jews, being drawn from 

 the books of the Old Testament. 4, ' The Chronicle or Universal 

 History,' was only known by fragments until it was discovered entire 

 in an Armenian manuscript version, found at Constantinople, and 

 published by Zohrab and Mai at Milan in 1818. The work is divided 

 into two books: the first, entitled ' Chronography,' contains brief 

 separate sketch of the history of the various nations and states of 

 the old world, from the Creation till the year 325 of our era. The 

 author gives extracts from Berosus, Alexander Polyhistor, Abydenus, 

 Cephalion, Mauetho, and other lost writer*. Tin second book consists 

 of synchrouical tables, with the names of the contemporary rulers of 

 the various nations and the principal occurrences in the history of 

 each, from the age of Abraham till the time of Eusebius. The 

 author has made use of the works of Africanus, Josephug, and others. 

 The discovery of the Armenian copy of Eusebius has been a valuable 

 acquisition, as it serves to correct several errors and to supply many 

 deficiencies in chronology and ancient history. The other works of 

 Kusebius are 5, ' Onomaslicon Urbium et Looorum Sacrso Scriptune.' 

 6, ' The Life of Constantine,' in four books, a piece of panegyrical 

 biography. 7, ' A Life of his friend Pamphilus,' of which only a 

 fragment remains ; aud other minor works. 



EUSEBIUS, Bishop of Nicomedia, was born about 324, and w.i , 

 related on his mother's side to the emperor Julian. Before he was 

 made bishop of Nicomedia he had held the bishopric of Berytu*, or 

 Beyrout, in Syria, At the council of Nictea he joined with Eusebius 

 of Cesarea in advocating moderate measures towards Arius ; aud he 

 refused to sign the condemnation which the council issued against 

 him ; but he appended his signature to the orthodox creed promulgated 

 by the council. Having shortly after more openly favoured the Arian 

 doctrines, he was deposed from his bishopric and banished ; but the 

 influence of Constautia, the emperor's sister, who had embraced Arian 

 views, speedily procured his recall and his restitution to bin see. It 

 was Eusebius of Nicomedia who was employed to administer baptism 

 to Constantine in his last illness. He appears now to have openly 

 tiught the Arian tenets, which indeed were from him commonly 

 styled Eusebian. He absolved Arius from the excommunication of the 

 Alexandrian synod; and he exerted himself to procure, by means of 

 synods specially called for the purpose, the restoration of Arius to the 

 full privileges of church communion. [ARIUS.] 



On the death of Alexander bishop of Constantinople, the great 

 opponent of the Ariaus, 339, Eusebius procured himself, contrary to 

 the canon, to be named his successor, and be obtained for the Arians 

 permission to celebrate public worship at Alexandria and elsewhere. 

 He died in 342. The character of Eusebius has come down to us in a 

 rery unfavourable light : not merely is ho represented as heterodox 

 in doctrine, but as worldly, selfish, and dishonest in conduct. But 

 we must remember, that, regarded as the most important advocate aud 

 patron of the Arian heresy, he was the object of abhorrence on the 

 part of the orthodox, on whose notices of him we are alone dependent, 

 and it is only fair therefore to give him the benefit of any doubt 

 which a critical reading of their narratives may suggest. As we have 

 seen, during his life, and for some time subsequently, the followers 

 of Arius were called indifferently Arians aud Eusebians ; but when 

 the party became divided, those who held what were called Homoiou- 

 sian views in opposition to strict Arianisin, quoted Eusebius as their 

 authority ; aud it was the doctrines of this Eusebian section which 

 was sanctioned by the council of Seleucia in 359, and the synods of 

 Aries and Milan, f ARIUS.] 



EUSE'BIUS, BISHOP or EMESA in Phoenicia, was born about tho 

 end of the 3rd century in the neighbourhood of Edessa, and belonged 

 to a very illustrious family. He was from bis early youth instructed 

 in the principles of the Christian religion, and had the most distin- 

 guished teachers of the time. He afterwards devoted himself to the 

 study of theology under the direction of the celebrated Eusebius of 

 Ccaarea and Patrophllus of Scytbopolis. However as be wished to 

 avoid being appointed to any ecclesiastical office too early, he went to 

 Alexandria to spend some time in the study of philosophy. On his 

 return from Alexandria he stayed for awhile at Antioch, and I 1 

 an intimate friendship with Flaccillus, the bishop of that place. In 

 341 Athanasiu* was deprived by the Synod of Antioch of his bishopric 



