841 



EUSTACHIUS. 



EtTTYCHES. 



842 



of Alexandria, and Eusebius, to whom it was offered, refused it, though 

 soon after he accepted the bishopric of Emesa. During the solemnity 

 of his ordination the people of Emesa rose against him, charging hin 

 with pursuing mathematics and magic. Eusebius took to flight, anc 

 for a time he stayed with his friend Georgius, bishop of Laodicea, bul 

 a r terwards he returned to Emesa, where he was tolerated, owing to 

 the influence of hia friend Georgius. He died at Autioch in 360. 

 Eubesius was a great favourite of the Emperor Constantius, who is 

 said to have been accompanied by him on several military expeditions. 

 Some of his contemporaries charged him with favouring the Sabellian 

 heresies, but Sozomen thinks that this accusation was suggested to his 

 enemies only by their envy of his great virtues. Hieronymus even 

 calls him the ringleader of the Arian party a strong expression 

 which, from the pen of Hieronymus, must be taken with great caution; 

 for, as far as we know, all that can be gaid is, that Eusebius had a 

 leaning towards the views of the semi-Arians. Eusebius was a man 

 of a very cultivated mind and great eloquence : he wrote a great 

 number of works which were well received by his contemporaries, but 

 all of them are lost with the exception of a few eaid still to exist in 

 manuscript in some libraries. (Socrates, ' Hist. Eecles.,' ii. 9 ; Sozomen, 

 iii. 6; Hieronymus, 'De Seriptor.,' 91; Nicephorus, ix. 5.) His life, 

 written by his friend Georgius of Antioch, is lost. There exists, under 

 the name of Eusebius, a collection of fifty homilies, which were pub- 

 lished in a Latin translation by 3. Gagneius, Paris, 1547 (reprinted at 

 Paris, 1661, 8vo, and at Antwerp, 1555) ; but all critics agree that 

 these homilies are the productions of a much later age than that of 

 Eusebius of Emesa. (Cave, Hittoria Literaria, vol. i. p. 156, &c.; 

 Fabricius, Biblioth, Grcec., vii. p. 412, &c.) 



EUSTA'CHIUS. BABTOLOMEO EUSTACHIO, or EDSTACHIUS, was one 

 of the distinguished band of Italian professors to whom we owe the 

 restoration of anatomy aod much of its advancement in modern times. 

 He was born in the early part of the 16th century at San Severino, 

 in the marquisate of Ancona. Having accomplished himself in the 

 classical and Arabic languages, he studied medicine at Rome, and 

 afterwards settled there with a view to practise as a physician, under 

 the patronage of the celebrated Cardinal Borromeo. The interest he 

 could thus command, and his unusual talents, were sufficient to elevate 

 him to the chair of medicine in the Collegio della Sapienza ; yet he 

 never obtained any degree of professional success, and after a long 

 struggle with poverty and sickness, died in great indigence about 

 1574. 



It is not surprising that Eustachius should have failed as a practical 

 physician, for the exclusive devotion with which he pursued his 

 favourite study must have left him little time for the cultivation of 

 the lucrative branches of his art ; but the complete failure as a teacher, 

 of a man of so much genius and enthusiasm, is remarkable. It may 

 be attributed perhaps to the ascendancy of the rival school of Padua, 

 supported by the wealth of Venice, and illustrated by the established 

 fame of Vesalius and his successors; and may be due in part to a 

 defective temper, of which some indications may be observed in his 

 writings, and to the jealousy with which he concealed his discoveries. 

 Eustachius published little in his lifetime, though he lived long and 

 laboured much ; yet his treatises, short and few as they are, and 

 composed when anatomy was yet an infant science, are of high 

 authority even at the present day, and bear witness to the accuracy 

 and extent of his researches. They are all in Latin, and are nearly all 

 collected in his ' Opuscula Anatomica," published in 4to at Venice in 

 1564 by himself, and again by Boerhaave, Leyden, 1707, in 8vo. He 

 also published an edition, with annotations, of Erotian's 'Lexicon 

 Hippocraticum." His principal work, 'On the Disputed Points of 

 Anatomy,' upon which he evidently intended to rest his fame, was 

 unpublished to the time of his death, although announced in the 

 ' Opuscula,' probably for want of means ; it was then lost, and has 

 never been recovered ; but thirty-nine copper-plates, engraved as early 

 an 1552, and intended to illustrate the text of this work, were found 

 at Urbino in 1712, and given to the world two years afterwards by 

 Laucisi, with the aid of Morgagni, Pacchioni, and other anatomists of 

 distinction. Several editions of them have since appeared with 

 voluminous commentaries ; the best is that of Albiuus, published at 

 Leyden in 1744 in folio, and reprinted in 1762. The importance 

 attached to these plates, after so long an interval of oblivion, shows 

 how much Eustachius must have preceded his age ; and they prove 

 that many facts of great Importance in anatomy were accurately known 

 to him, the partial re-discovery of which had shed lustre on a century 

 and a half of subsequent inquiry. 



Haller declares it to be impossible, without writing a treatise on the 

 subject, to particularise the discoveries and corrections that Eustachius 

 introduced into anatomy. The tube leading from the ear-drum to the 

 throat, and a certain valvular membrane in the heart, which bear his 

 name, are among the former. 



ECSTA'THIUS, Archbishop of Thessalonica in the latter part of 

 the 12th century, was one of the most learned scholiasts of hia age. 

 He wrot a commentary upon the ' Iliad ' and the ' Odyssey,' which 

 ia a mine of ancient erudition, and contains extracts from the older 

 commentators, such as Apion, Heliodorus, Demosthenes of Thrace, 

 Porphyrius, and others. It was first printed at Rome in the edition 

 of Homer, 4 vol. folio, 1542-48; the latest edition is that of Leip/.ig, 

 1827. Eustathius wrote likewise a Commentary on Dionysius Perie- 

 BIOO. DIV. VOU II. 



getes, or the Geographer, which was published by Robert Stephens in 

 1547, and often reprinted since. He also wrote a commentary on 

 Pindar, which is lost. There are letters of Eustathius existing in 

 manuscripts in several libraries, but they have never been published. 

 The novel of'Hysmine and Hysminias," published at Paris in 1618, 

 has been also attributed to Eustathius, but, as it is now proved, 

 erroneously. 



EUTO'CIUS, a Greek mathematician of Ascalon in Palestine, who 

 flourished about 550. He was pupil of Isidorus, the architect who 

 designed and chiefly built the celebrated church (now the mosque) of 

 St. Sophia at Constantinople ; and he became ultimately one of the 

 most distinguished geometricians of his time. 



It was the general custom of mathematical and philosophical 

 authors, during the decline of learning, to give their views and their 

 discoveries, where they made any, in the form of commentaries on 

 some earlier writer. Eutoeius, like Proclus and others, delivered his 

 views in this way ; and, like them, he furnishes some valuable contri- 

 butions to the history of mathematical science amongst the Greeks. 

 The commentaries of Eutocius on the works of Archimedes and 

 Apollonius are the only works by which he is known to modern 

 readers. His commentaries on Apollonius were published in Halley's 

 Oxford edition of the works of that author, 1710; and those on 

 Archimedes in various editions, from that of Basel, 1544, to that of 

 Oxford, 1792. 



Of the commentaries of Eutocius, those on the treatise of Archimedes 

 ' On the Sphere and Cylinder ' are most valued ; and chiefly for his 

 account of the various modes of solving the Delian problem of the 

 Duplication of the Cube. All of them however, though of less value 

 both as to historical and geometrical matter, are still interesting to 

 every one who takes a pleasure in investigating the history of pure 

 science. The commentary on the ' Measurement of the Circle,' by 

 Archimedes, was translated into German, together with the text of 

 Archimedes to which it refers, by J. Guteniicker, Wurzburg, 1825 and 

 1828, 8vo. 



EUTRO'PIUS, FLAVIUS, was a Latin historian of the 4th century. 

 Little is known of his life : he was secretary to the emperors Constan- 

 tino and Julian, and accompanied the latter in his unfortunate Parthian 

 campaign. He is believed to have been of senatorial rank. Ho is 

 known as the author of a compendium of Roman history, in ten books, 

 from the foundation of the city dowu to the accession of Valens, A.D. 365, 

 which, being short and easy, has been much used as a school-book. 

 Meagre as it is for it might be contained in 100 common-sized octavo 

 pages it is still of some use towards filling up those gaps in history 

 which are left in consequence of the total losa of some writers and the 

 imperfect condition in which others have come down to us. The best 

 edition is said to be that of Haverkamp, Leyden, 1729, 12mo, 

 improved by Verseik, Leyden, 1762, 2 vols. 8vo. Among the most 

 useful editions is that of Tzschucke, Lips. 1796. 



EUTYCHES, the reputed founder of the Eutyohians, a sect of 

 Christians which began in the East in the 5th century, though the 

 opinions attributed to Eutyches are said to have existed before (' De 

 Eutyohianismo ante Eutychen,' by Christ. Aug. Selig., and also 

 Assemani, ' Bibliotheca Orientalis,' torn, i., p. 219.) Eutyches was a 

 monk who lived near Constantinople, and had a great reputatiou for 

 austerity and sanctity. He was already advanced in years when he 

 came out of his retirement, A.D. 448, in order to oppose the Nestn- 

 rians, who were accused of teaching " that the divine nature was not 

 incarnate in, but only attendant on Jesus, being superadded to his 

 human nature after the latter was formed ; " an opiuion however 

 which Nestorius himself had disavowed. In his zeal for opposing the 

 error ascribed to the Nestorians, Eutyches ran into the opposite 

 extreme of saying that in Christ there was " only one nature, that of 

 the incarnate Word," his human nature having been absorbed in a 

 manner by his divine nature. Eusebius, bishop of Dorylaeum, who 

 had already opposed the Historians, denounced Eutyches before a 

 council assembled at Constantinople by Flavianus, bishop of that 

 city. That assembly condemned Eutyches, who, being supported by 

 friends at tha court of Theodosius II., appealed to a general council, 

 which was soon after convoked by the emperor at Ephesus in 449, 

 under the presidency of Dioscorus, bishop of Alexandria, and suc- 

 cessor to the famous Cyril, who had himself broached a doctrine very 

 similar to that of Eutyches. The majority of the council tumul- 

 tuously acquitted Eutyches and condemned Flavianus ; the bishops 

 opposed to him were obliged to escape, and Flavianus was cruelly 

 scourged by the soldiers ; it was in short a scene of disgraceful 

 violence, which earned for the council of Ephesus the name of ' a 

 meeting of robbers." Flavianus appealed to Leo the Great, bishop of 

 Rome, who, in his answer, condemned the doctrine of Eutyches, but 

 could not obtain of Theodosius the convocation of another council. 

 After the death of that emperor, his successor, Marcianus, convoked 

 a council at Chalcedon in 451, which is reckoned as the fourth 

 oecumenical council of the Church, and which the pope's legates 

 attended. By this assembly the acts of the council of Ephesus were 

 annulled, Dioscorus was deposed and banished, and Eutyches, who 

 lad already been banished by the emperor, was again condemned, 

 and deprived of his sacerdotal office. The doctrine was at the eatne 

 time expounded that "in Christ two distinct natures are united in 

 >ne person, and that without any change, mixture, or confusion." 



3 I 



