EVAOOBAS. 



EVALD, JOHANNES. 



Entyehe* died in exil; but several monks, especially in Syria, con 

 Uatwd the chim, and having found a protect!*** in the empire** 



_._. , widow of Theodowu*. who wu living in Palestine, they 



became more daring, and excited the people against the partisans of 

 the council of Chaloedon, whom they stigmatised u Xestorian*. The 

 emperor wu obliged to send troop* to reprea* the*e disorders. 



The doctrine of Eutyche* wu perpetuated in the Eut under cer- 

 tain modification*, or rather quibbling of words, which caused the 

 sect to be subdivided under various name*, all however comprehended 

 under the general nam* of Monophysites, or believers in one nature. 

 (AsMfnani, ' De Monophyuiti*,' at the beginning of voL ii. of hi* 

 Bibliotheca Oriental!*,' and Albufarragiua's ' Arguments ' in favour 

 of that doctrine in the same volume, pp. 2SS-S9.) In the sixth cen- 

 tury a fresh impulse wu given to the Eutyohian doctrine by one 

 Jacob, a monk, suruamtd Baradteu*, who reconciled the various divi- 

 sion* of the Monophysites throughout the East, and spread their tenets 

 through Syria, Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, fouud supporter* 

 among several prelates (among others in the bishop of Alexandria), 

 and died himself bishop of Edeasa in 588. He wu considered u the 

 second founder of the Monophysite*, who assumed from him the name 

 of Jacobite*, under which appellation they (till constitute a very 

 numerous church, equally separate from the Greek, the Roman or 

 Latin, and the Ne*torian churches. The Armenians and the Copt* 

 are Jacobite*, and BO are likewise many Syrian Christians in contra- 

 distinction to the Melchites, who belong to the Greek Church. Jacobite 

 congregations are found in Mesopotamia. 



The Monothelitos who appeared in the 7th century have been con- 

 sidered u an offshoot of the Eutychians or Monophysites, though 

 they pretended to be quite unconnected with thorn. They admitted 

 the two nature* in Christ, explaining that after the union of the two 

 into one person there wu in him only one wilf and one operation. 

 This wu an attempt to conciliate the Monophysites with the Ortho- 

 dox Church, and it succeeded for a time. It wu approved of by 

 many eastern prelates, and even by Pope Honorius I., in two epistles 



brias. Thus strengthened, Evagoru in a short time made himself 

 muter of nearly all Cyprus, ravaged Phcanicia, and induced Cilicia to 

 revolt against Penis. Artaxerxes, who had reason to dread the fur- 

 ther progress of Evagoras, concluded a peace with the Spartan Autal- 

 cilia*, B.C. 870, in which Cyprus wu recognised u a province of the 

 Persian empire. The Athenians accordingly recalled Chiibriu and the 

 fleet they had sent to the assistance of Evagoru, who nevertheless 

 refused to submit to Persia, relying u he did on the aid of Acoris. 

 Artaxerxea made great preparations for war ; on the other hand Eva- 

 goru wu not wanting either in courage or in the means of dt-l. 

 himself, and although the Persians landed an army in i 

 goras contrived to cut off their supplies, which caused an . 

 in the Persian camp ; and Evagoraa, who hod increased his fleet 

 soil, ventured upon a sea-fight off Citiuin, but he was defeated, and 

 lost many of his ships. Salamis wu now blockaded by the Persian* 

 by land and by sea, but availing himself of the jealousies between the 

 Persian commanders, and by entering on timely negotiations with 

 Orontes, one of them, separately, he succeeded in protracting the 

 war, till at the end of ten years, the war having lasted from B.C. 38.1 

 to 376, it wu brought to a close very honourable to Evagoru. 

 He did not long survive the conclusion of the peace, for in B.C. 374, 

 being then at an advanced age, he was murdered by a eunuch whose 

 wife had been seduced by a son of Evagoru. He had been married 

 to Leto, by whom he wu the father of a large family. He wu suc- 

 ceeded by hi* son Xicocle*. (Isocrates, Etagonu ; 1 )iod., xiv. 39, 98, 

 110; xv. 2-9, 47; Photius, DAI. Cod., 176; Pausanias, i. 3, '.! : 

 Xenophon, Uelltn., iv. 8, 24; Aristotle, Polti., v. 8; Lucia- 

 Imag., 27.) 



From this Evagoru we must distinguish another, who wu likewise 

 king of Salamis, and, so far u chronology is concerned, may have been 

 either a sou or grandson of the first Evagoru. He wu deprived 

 of his kingdom by one Protagoras, but recovered it in B.C. 350, \ it h 

 the assistance of Penis. Soon after however, some calumnies against 



to Scrgius, patriarch of Constantinople, which are found in the Act* 

 of the Councils. But the successors of Honorius condemned the 

 Monothelitos, and Martin L, in a bull of excommunication, 649, con- 

 signed them and their patron* (meaning the Emperor Constans, who 

 protected them) " to the devil and hi* angels." Constans, indignant 

 at this, caused hi* exarch in Italy to arrest Martin, and send him 

 prisoner to the Chenoneius. At last, under Constantine, who suc- 

 ceeded Constant, the council of Constantinople, which is the sixth 

 oecumenical council, in 680, condemned the Monothelites, and with 

 them Pop* Honoring himself. 



KVA'OOKAS, king of Salamis in the island of Cyprus, from B.C. 410 

 to 375. Hi* family, the Teucridaj, had been deprived of the govern- 

 ment of Salami* by a Phoenician, Abdymon, who, with the view of 

 securing himself against the Greek*, placed his usurped kingdom under 

 ton protection of Persia, and promised to reduce the whole island 

 under the Penian dominion. During the reign of the usurper, Eva- 

 goru spent hi* boyhood at Salami* witbont being molested ; but when 

 the usurper had been murdered by one of tbe Cyprian nobles, Evagoras 

 fl*d to Soli in Cilicia, for the murderer, in order to secure the throne 

 to himself, wu anxious to g'-t rid of Kvagoru also, who wu then a 

 very promising youth, and distinguished for his intellect a* well u 

 bodily strength. Evagoru now resolved to recover the kingdom of 

 hi* ancestors, snd, accompanied by a band of fifty faithful friends, be 

 mad* a descent upon Cyprus, defeated hi* enemies, and fully accom- 

 plished his object, B.C. 410. Isocrate*, to whom we are chiefly indebted 

 for our knowledge of the history of Evagoru, describe* him u a man 

 of great talent u an administrator : he restored the fortifications and 

 the harbour of Salami*, built ship*, and endeavoured to establish 

 commerce ; but hi* great ambition seems to have been to establish 

 Greek manner* and literature in his kingdom. Hence many a Greek 

 exile, especially Athenian, found a welcome reception there; and 

 Conon, after the battle of J^gospotami, in B.C. 405, wu most hospitably 

 received by Evagoru. But he could not hope permanently to improve 

 the condition of hi* kingdom without previously securing himself 

 gainst any attacks of the Persian*. Through the mediation of Ctesias, the 

 physician of Cnidus, a treaty wu concluded between king Artaxerxes II. 

 *fl<! Evagoru, in consequence of which Evagoru supported tbe Persians 

 with money and ships in their war against Lacedicmon, and wu after- 

 wards honoured by the Athenians with a statue and the Attic fran- 

 chise. The friendly relation with Persia however did not last long, for 

 Evagoru had enlarged hi* kingdom, partly by persuading the towns of 

 Cyprus, and partly by force. This wu against the interest* of Persia ; 

 wvenl town* solicit* d the protection of Artaxerxe*, who wu prevailed 

 upon to declare war against hi* vassal. Hecatomnus, a dynast of Caria, 

 received the command of the Penian fleet, and Autophradatee that of 

 the army ; and according to some account* Artaxerxes himself went 

 to Cyprus, nc. 801. Evagoru wu supported by the Athenian* with 

 hips, and other friend* advanced him money. But hi* smsll fleet wu 

 captured by the Spartan Teleutiu, almost u won u it had left the 

 harbour of Salamis. Notwithstanding this misfortune the Persian* 

 mad* BO progrr**, j.robaMy because Hccatomnu* bad already entered 

 into a *ecret understanding with Evagoran. In the meantime Eva- 

 ns concluded an alliance with king Aoori* of Egypt, and in B.C. 388 

 received from the Athenian* a fleet under the command of Ch. 



him having been brought before the Persian king, he wu expelled a 



>ecoDd time by Protagoras. Evagoraa indeed succeeded in justifying 

 himself before the king, but instead of his principality he received a 

 satrapy a* a compensation. In consequence of his bad admini*' 

 he wu obliged to escape ; he fled to Cyprus, but was overtaken and 

 put to death. (Diodorus, xvi. 42, 46.) 



EVA'GUIUS, born at Epiphania, in Syria, about the year 536, prac- 

 tised as an advocate at Antioch, where he acquired a brilliant reputa- 

 tion. He WA* afterwards appointed quicstor, and filled other puMic 

 offices. He wrote an ecclesiastical history in six books, beginning with 

 A.D. 431, about the period where the histories of Socrates and Theo- 

 doretus terminate, and continuing to the year 593. Nothing is known 

 of the personal history of Evagrius subsequent to the completion of 

 hi* history about 594. His work is spoken of favourably by Pliotius. 

 Evagrius, though not always to be trusted implicitly, yet show* greater 

 discrimination than Socrates; ho consulted the original documents, 

 and appears to have been tolerably impartial. He was well acquainted 

 with profane u well as ecclesiastic*.! history. Hi* work was published 

 by Itobert Stephens, and afterwards by Valois, Paris, 1679, in an im- 

 proved edition founded upon two different manuscripts. It was 

 published again with notes at Cambridge, 1720. 



KVAl.D, .1011 A XNES, the most distinguished Danish poet of the 

 18th century, was born at Copenhagen, November 18tb, 1743. Hi* 

 father, who was a clergyman in that city, possessed considerable 

 theological attainment*, but was prevented by ill-health from acting 

 a* preceptor to his sons. Johannes therefore, the second and 

 gifted of the three, wu shortly before his father's death (1754) sent to 

 Slegwig, where his tutor left him entirely to his own choice of books 

 for bis leisure reading. Among these were translations of ' Hobiuson 

 Crusoe' and 'Tom Jones,' the former of which so caj.tivM 

 imagination that he proposed its hero u a practical model to hi:n->-li', 

 an<l, at the age of thirteen, eloped with the view of making his way to 

 Holland, and there get on board ship for Batavia; but he wo* over- 

 taken, and his project frustrated. He wu still however left as before 

 to inflame his fancy with romantic reading and with legendary lore, 

 including that of saints and martyr*, as well u of northern fable and 

 mythology. In reading the classics it wu the adventurous pait that 

 chiefly engaged his attention. Notwithstanding he was of exceedingly 

 weak frame of body, he longed to devote himself to a military career, 

 and the war then carried on between Prussia and Austria afforded an 

 opportunity ; but his thoughts were for a while diverted from such 

 views by a very different object. He suddenly became violently 

 enamoured with a young lady, a relation of his stepfather's, for his 

 mother wu now married again, whom ho has celebrated under the 

 name of Arense, and his passion for whom he hu described in the most 

 glowing colours. This passion, although the source of heartfelt bitter- 

 ness to him since Arense bestowed her hand upon another while it 

 cut a shade of melancholy over his whole life, had a favourable in- 

 fluence on hi* poetical talent, producing in him that depth of feeling 

 and patho* which discovers itself in his ' Balder* Dod' (Death of 

 Balder). At this period however poetry, at least authorship, formed 

 no part of his plans. He joined with his elder brother in the scheme 

 of entering the Prussian service at hussars, but his brother returned 

 after reaching Hamburg. Johannes however proceeded to Magdeburg, 

 where he enlisted, bat wu received only as a foot-soldier. In consa- 



