KACCIOLATI, JACOPO. 



FAIRBAIRV, WILLIAM. 



-..i 



in the archduke's land,* (that is, the Low Countries), an exaction 

 which wai desisted from in the following year. In 1S02, on the plea 

 of poverty, he resigned the alderman's gown, not willing to take the 

 mayoralty, and probably retired to the mansion in Kasex, mentioned 

 in hit will, at Theydon Genoa. That he was opulent at this period 

 cannot be doubted, but he teems to hare considered that the expenses 

 of the chief magistracy, even at that time, were too great to be sus- 

 tained by a man who had a numerous family. He ordered the figures, 

 as may be seen in his will, of sixteen children, in brats, to be placed 

 upon his monument Stow, in his 'Surrey of London' (edit. 1603, 

 p. 198), give* the English part of the epitaph on Fabyan's tomb, from 

 the church of St. Michael, Cornhill, and says he died in 1511, adding 

 that his monument was gone. Bale, who places Fabyan's death on 

 February 28 tb, 1512, is probably nearest to the truth, as his will, 

 though dated July 11, 1511, was not proved till July 12, 1513. 

 Fabyan's will, printed with the last edition of his ' Chronicle,' affords 

 a curious comment on the manners of the time of Henry VIII. 



There have been printed five editions of Fabyan's ' Chronicle.' The 

 first was printed by Pynson in 1616, and is of great rarity, in a perfect 

 state. Bale say* that Wolsey ordered many copies of it (' exemplar!* 

 nonnulla') to be burnt. The second was printed by Raatell in 1533 ; 

 the third in 1542 by Reynes ; the fourth in 1559 by Kyngestpn. The 

 changes of religion gave rise to many alterations and omissions in 

 the third and fourth editions ; but all the editions, as well as a manu- 

 script of the second part of the book, were collated by Sir Henry Ellis 

 for the fifth edition, 4to, London, 1811, from the preface to which the 

 present account of the historian has been principally taken. Fabyan, 

 whose object was to reconcile the discordant testimonies of historians, 

 named his book ' The Concordance of Histories,' adding the fruits of 

 personal observation in the latter part of his ' Chronicle.' The first 

 edition bad no regular title ; the latest is called 'Chi New Chronicles 

 of England and France, In two parts, by Robert Fabyan, named by 

 himself the Concordance of Histories.' The first edition, which may 

 be considered as Fabyan's genuine work, extends from the time when 

 " Brute entryd (irate the He of Albion " to 1485 ; the second continued 

 the history to 1509 ; the third to 1541 ; and the fourth to the month 

 of May 1559. The names of the several authors who were the con- 

 tinuators are unknown. 



FACCIOLATI, JA'COPO, was born in 1632 at Toriggia on the 

 Euganean Hills, in the province of Padua. Ho studied first in the 

 college of Este, and was afterwards placed by Cardinal Barbarigo, 

 bishop of Padua, in the clerical seminary of that city, where he com- 

 pleted his studies and was admitted into holy orders. He was then 

 appointed teacher and afterwards prefect or superior of the same 

 establishment The seminary of Padua had then as subsequently a 

 high reputation as a place for the study of Latin and for the nume- 

 rous and generally accurate editions of the classics and other school- 

 books which have come from its press. Facciolati contributed to 

 support this reputation by his labours. Among other works he pub- 

 lished improved editions of the ' Lexicon ' of Schreveliua, of the 

 ' Thesaurus Ciceronianus ' of Nixolius, and of the vocabulary of seven 

 languages, known by the name of ' Calepino,' 2 vols. foL, 1731. In 

 this hut undertaking he was greatly assisted by his pupil, Egidio 

 Forcellini, although ho was not willing to acknowledge the obligation. 

 The work however being still incomplete, J. B. Qallizioli made a new 

 edition of the ' Calepino,' 2 vols. fol, Venice, 1778, and added many 

 orienUl and other words. It was in tho course of his joint labours 

 with Facciolati that Forcellini conceived the plan of a totally new 

 Latin Dictionary, which, after more than thirty years assiduous appli- 

 cation, he brought to light under the title of ' Totius Latinitatis 

 Lexicon,' 4 vols. foL, Padua, 1771. This work has superseded all 

 other Latin dictionaries. Forcellini, more generous than Facciolati, 

 acknowledged in the title-page of his work that its production was in 

 gnat measure due to the advice and instruction of hi deceased master. 

 The manuscript of his ' Lexicon,' in 12 vols. fol., is preserved in the 

 library of the seminary. A new edition of Forcellini's ' Lexicon ' was 

 publinhed some years back by the Abate Furlanetto of the same 

 institution. 



In 1722, Facciolati being appointed professor of logic in the uni- 

 vrn-ity of Padua, delivered a series of introductory Latin discourses 

 to the students of his class, which were received with considerable 

 applaute. In 1739 he began to write in Latin the 'Fasti of the 

 University of Padua : ' the introductory part, in which he describes 

 the origin, the law* and regulations, and the object of that celebrated 

 institution, is very well written, but the ' Fasti ' themselves contain 

 little more than dry list* of the successive professors, with few and 

 unimportant remarks. His Latin epistles, as well as his ' Orations,' or 

 discourse., have been admired for the purity of tluir diction. The 

 king of Portugal sent Facciolati a flattering invitation to Lisbon to 

 take the direction of the public studies in his kingdom, but FaocioUti 

 declined the ofler on account of his advanced age. He however wrote 

 hwtrncUoDs for the re-organisation of the scholastic establishment* 

 of that country, which had become necessary after the expulsion of 

 the Jesuit*. Kaociolati died at Padua in 1769, in hi eighty-eighth 

 Tear. He left numerous works, mostly in Latin, besides those already 

 Bcnttoned. 

 KAIIHKKHKIT, GABRIEL DANIEL, an able experimenter In 



atural philosophy, was born at Daniig near the end of the 17th 



century, but the precise year of his birth is unknown. His father 

 intended that he should engage in a mercantile occupation, but hi* 

 own taste inclining strongly to scientific pursuits, he used every 

 opportunity of employing himself in such physical researches as his 

 circumstances permitted. 



Having travelled through different parts of Germany in order to 

 acquire information respecting the subject* of his studies, he finally 

 established himself at Amsterdam as a maker of philosophical iu-tru- 

 ments. 



Fahrenheit considerably improved the araeometer ; but he is chiefly 

 distinguished for the invention of that particular scale which he applied 

 to thermometers, and which has ever since been generally in use in 

 this country. The fluid which he employed in the construction of 

 the thermometer was mercury ; and to the bulb, instead of a globular 

 he gave a cylindrical form. The graduations were generally executed 

 on paper which was wrapped about and made to adhere to the tube, 

 and the instrument was contained in a glass cylinder. 



Fahrenheit was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 

 1724 ; and in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' for that year are papers 

 by him on the heat of liquids in a state of ebullition ; on the freezing 

 of water in vacuo ; on the specific gravity of certain bodies ; nlso on 

 an improved barometer and araeometer. He contrived a machine 

 which he intended to be used for the purpose of draining marshes ; 

 but he died in 1740, before completing it 



FAIRBAIRN, WILLIAM, civil engineer and machiiiist, lias been 

 associated with many of the important mechanical and structural works 

 executed during some years past. He was born at Kelso on the Tweed, 

 in 1789 ; was educated as a mechanic near Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; and 

 after working at his trade in London and Manchester, commenced 

 business in partnership with Mr. Lillie about the year 1817. The firm 

 was known as that of the leading machine-makers of Manchester up 

 to about twenty years ago, when the partnership was dissolved, Mr. 

 Fairbairn continuing the same business. Amongst Mr. Fairbairn's 

 improvements may be named the introduction of light shafting, and 

 contrivances for driving the machinery of factories more simple than 

 those previously in use ; modifications in valves of steam-engines ; and 

 the introduction of the double-flued boiler for alternate firing, pro- 

 ductive of economy in fuel and consumption of smoke ; improvements 

 in the feeding apparatus of mill-stones ; the adoption of a better prin- 

 ciple of suspension, and the use of ventilated buckets in water-wheels; 

 the invention of the rivetting machine ; and about the year 1833, the 

 introduction, which is claimed for him, of a more ornamental style in 

 the architecture of factories. In the year 1S30 or 1831 he made some 

 important experiments on the form and traction of boats, on the Forth 

 and Clyde Canal, which he published in the latter year. His attention 

 was thereby directed to the advantage of iron as a material for ship-build- 

 ing, and one of his works was a small sea-going vessel, which, being con- 

 structed in Manchester, was conveyed through the streets and down the 

 nearest water-way to its destination. This is believed to have been one 

 of the earliest essays in iron ship-building, which Mr. Fairbairn began to 

 develops in 1836 in the construction of vessels of the largest clogs, at the 

 premises since occupied by Mr. J. Scott Russell, at Millwnll, London. 

 A year or two later, Mr. Fairbairn made one of the first attempts 

 in iron house and store building, in the designing and construction of 

 a corn-mill ; the castings and other iron-work for which were sent out 

 to Constantinople, where the building was erected and is still in use. 

 Mr. Fairbairn was one of the early members of the British Association for 

 the Advancement of Science, to which the results of his most valuable 

 researches have been communicated. At his works were made an 

 important scries of experiments on the comparative strength of hot 

 and cold blast iron ; Mr. Hodgkinson's experiments by which was 

 determined the best form of section for iron beams ; and others with 

 reference to the strength of certain materials under specific condition*. 

 Particulars of these may be found in the ' Transactions of the British 

 Association,' the ' Philosophical Transactions,' the ' Transactions of 

 the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester,' ami 

 publications. When the means for crossing the Menai Strait by the 

 Chester and Holyhead railway wore under consideration, Mr. Fair- 

 bairn's practical and theoretical knowledge of wrought and cast iron 

 as materials, and of the available disposition of them in the best form 

 for strength obviously pointed to him as an authority to be consulted. 

 The relative portions of the merit due to Mr. Fairbairn and Mr. 

 Stephenson ultimately became the subject of somewhat angry disputr, 

 much being said and written on both sides. With the strength and 

 other advantageous properties of rivetted boiler plates Mr. Fairbaim 

 was of course well acquainted. Doubtless very high merit is due to 

 all parties. [STBFBENSOX, ROBERT.] Mr. Fairbairn and Mr. Hodg- 

 kinson engaged upon an elaborate series of experiments, some of 

 which produced unexpected results; and from those experiments the 

 best form and dimensions of the tubes were deduced, and they have 

 perhaps mainly led to the general use of wrought iron plate girders 

 in ordinary building operations, as well as in railway engineering. 

 The same investigations have also contributed to the present extensive 

 use of iron in ship-building. For the use of that material Mr. Fairbairn 

 is a consistent advocate. In the ' Philosophical Transactions ' for 1850, 

 appeared his ' Experimental Enquiry into tho Htrength of Wrought 

 Iron Plates, and their rivetted joints, as applied to Ship-building and 

 Vessels exposed to severe strains;' and he lias made many researches 



