877 



FAUCHEB, LEON. 



FAWKES, GUY. 



879 



places of worship. By his order the church of the Resurrection at 

 Jerusalem was destroyed (1009). His persecutions of the Christians 

 induced them to appeal to their brethren in the West, and was one 

 of the causes that led to the crusades. He carried his folly so far as 

 to seek to become the founder of a new religion, and to assert that he 

 was the express image of God. He was assassinated in 1021, and was 

 succeeded by his son. 



7. DHAHEB. He was not so cruel as his father, but was addicted 

 to pleasure, and resigned all the cares of government to his vizirs. In 

 his reign the power of the Fatimide kalifs began to decline. 

 They possessed nothing but the external show of royalty : secluded 

 in the harem, they were the slaves of their vizirs, whom they could 

 not remove, aud dared not disobey. In addition to the evils of mis- 

 government, Egypt was afflicted in the reign of Dhaher with one of 

 the most dreadful famines that ever visited the country. 



8. MOSTANSEB (1037) was only nine years old when he succeeded his 

 father. The Turks invaded Syria and Palestine in his reign, took 

 Damascus and Jerusalem (1076), where the princes of the house of 

 Ortok, a Turkish family, established an independent kingdom. They 

 advanced to the Nile with the intention of conquering Egypt, but 

 were repulsed. 



9. MOSTALI (1091), the second son of Mostanser, was seated on the 

 throne by the all-powerful vizir Afdhal, in whose hands the entire 

 power rated during the whole of Mostali's reign. The invasion of 

 Asia Minor by the crusaders in 1097 appeared to Afdhal a favourable 

 opportunity for the recovery of Jerusalem. Refusing to assist the 

 Turks agaiust the crusaders, he marched against Jerusalem, took it 

 (1098), and deprived the Ortok princes of the sovereignty which they 

 had exercised for twenty years. His possession of Jerusalem was how- 

 ever of very short duration, for it was taken in the following year 

 (1099) by the crusaders. Anxious to recover his loss, he led an im- 

 mense army in the same year against Jerusalem, but was entirely 

 defeated by the crusaders near Ascalon. 



10-13. The reigns of AMEH (1101-29), HAFEDU (1129-49), DHAFEB 

 (1149-54), FAIEZ (1154-60), contain nothing worthy of notice. During 

 their reigns the power of the Fatimides rapidly decayed. 



14. ACHED (1160) was the last kalif of the Fatimide dynasty. At 

 the commencement of his reign Egypt was divided into two factions, 

 the respective chiefs of which, Darghavu and Shawer, disputed for the 

 dignity of vizir. Shawer implored the assistance of Noor-ed-deen, or 

 Nourcddin, who sent an army into Egypt under the command of 

 Shiracouh, by means of which his rival was crushed. But becoming 

 jealous of Noor-ed deen's power in Egypt, he solicited the aid of 

 Amauri, king of Jerusalem, who marched into Egypt and expelled 

 Shiracouh from the country. Noor-ed-deen soon sent another army 

 into Egypt under the same commander, who was accompanied by his 

 nephew, the celebrated Saladin. [SALADIN.] Shiracouh was again 

 unsuccessful, and was obliged to retreat. The ambition of Amauri 

 afforded shortly afterwards a more favourable opportunity for the 

 reduction of Egypt. Amauri, after driving Shiracouh out of the 

 country, meditated the design of reducing it to his own authority. 

 Shawer, alarmed at the success of Amauri, entreated the assistance 

 of Noor-ed-deen, who sent Shiracouh for the third time at the head 

 of a numerous army. He repulsed the Christians, and afterwards put 

 the treacherous vizir to death. Shiracouh succeeded to his dignity, 

 but dying shortly after, Saladin obtained the post of vizir. As Noor- 

 ed-deen was attached to the interests of the Abassides, he gave orders 

 for the proclamation of Mosthadi, the Abasside kalif (1171), and for 

 depriving the Fatimides of the kalifate. Adhed, who was then on a 

 nick-bed, died a few days after, ignorant, as it is said, of his loss. 



(Mill, History of Muhammedaniim, pp. 134-143; Mill, I/ittoi-y of the 

 Crutaderi, vol. i. ; IJ'Herbelot, BMiothkque Oi'imtale, articles ' Fathe- 

 miah,' ' Obeidallah, 1 'Hakem,' 'Adhed,' 'Saladin,' &c. ; Gibbon, 

 Decline and Fall, cc. 57, 58, 59.) 



FAUCHEB, LEON, an ex-minister of the French government, 

 and a writer on subjects of political economy and social progress, was 

 occupied during the greater part of his life as a journalist. His 

 connection with the periodical press of Paris commenced about the 

 year 1830; from 1836 to 1843 he was a contributor to the ' Courrier 

 Fran^ais,' and was afterwards a leading writer in the ' Revue des Deux 

 Mondes,' which is published on the 1st and 15th of every month, and 

 occupies an influential place among those periodicals which are chiefly 

 devoted to the discussion of questions of political economy and the 

 investigation of the actual condition of the various nations of the 

 world. M. Ldon Faucher was, during the last ten yearsof the dynasty 

 of Louis Philippe, a member of the Chamber of Deputies for the 

 department of Marne. He was re-elected by the same department in 

 !is one of its representatives in the National Assembly of the 

 French Republic. He became Minister of the Interior, December 29, 

 1848, and held the office till May 14, 1849. He was again appointed 

 Minister of the Interior, April 10, 1851, and was succeeded by the 

 Conitc de Peraigny, January 22, 1H52. M. Ldon Faucher died on the 

 ir.tli of December 1854, at Marseille. 



M. Ldon Faucher published in 1845 'Ktudea sur 1'Angleterre,' 

 . Svo, Paris, a work descriptive of the sociid and industrial con- 

 dition of certain districts of England Whitechapel, St. Giles's, 

 the City; Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, aud adjoin- 

 ing districts together with dissertations on the Bank of England, 



the Lower Classes, Middle Classes, Aristocracy, the Corn-Laws and 

 the League, and the Balance of Powers. Several poi-tions of this work 

 had appeared in 1843 and 1844 in the ' Revue des Deux Mondes,' and 

 the description of Manchester had been translated into English under 

 the title of ' Manchester in 1841 ; its Present Condition,' 12mo. The 

 work is written in a fair aud impartial spirit, aud affords evidence of 

 diligent research and patient investigation ; but contains many mis- 

 taken views and exaggerated descriptions. Other dissertations by 

 M. Ldon Faucher are the following : ' De I'lrnp&t sur le Revenue ; ' 

 'Du Systeine de M. Louis Blanc.' 'J)e la Situation Financiere et du 

 Budget,' 8vo, 1850, appeared originally in the ' Revue des Deux 

 Mondes,' in 1849. 'Remarks on the Production of the Precious 

 Metals and the Demonetization of Gold in several Countries in Europe, 

 by Mons. Ldon Faucher ; translated by Thomas Hanley, Junior,' 8vo, 

 Lond., 1852. These remarks appeared first in the ' Revue des Deux 

 Mondes,' and were subsequently published, somewhat modified, in the 

 Reports of the Aeade'inie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. 



FAUSTI'NA, ANNIA, was the daughter of Annius Verus, prefect 

 of Rome ; she married Antoninus before his adoption by Hadrian, and 

 died in the third year of her husband's reign, thirty-six years of age. 

 She left only one surviving child, named Faustina. The historians 

 have represented her conduct as very licentious. [ANTONINUS Pius.] 



Coin of Faustina the Elder. 

 British Museum. Actual size. Copper. Weight 31GJ grains. 



FAUSTI'NA the Younger, daughter of the preceding, married her 

 cousin Marcus Aurelius, and died A.D. 176 in a village of Cappadocia 

 at the foot of Mount Taurus, on her husband's return from Syria. 

 She is represented by Dion and Capitolinu* as even more profligate 

 in her conduct than her mother, and yet Marcus in his ' Meditations ' 

 (i. 17) extols her obedience, simplicity, and affection. Her daughter 

 Lucilla married Lucius Verus, whom Marcus Aurelius associated with 

 him in the empire, and her sou Commodus succeeded his father as 

 emperor. [AUREUUS, MARCUS.] 



Coin of Faustina the Younger. 

 British Museum. Actual size. Copper. Weight 395J grains. 



FAWKES, GUIDO or GUY. During the latter years of the reign 

 of Queen Elizabeth the Protestants, who, since the death of Mary, 

 had so increased in numbers and in power as to have acquired the 

 undisputed ascendancy in the government of the kingdom, endea- 

 voured, by the severity of laws enacted against Roman Catholics, to 

 extirpate that religion from England. " Not only were the Catholics 

 forbidden to use the rites and ceremonies of their own faith, but were 

 required to attend upon the services of a church which, if conscien- 

 tious and consistent, they wtre bound to abhor. If they refused or 

 forbore to come to a Protestant church on the Sabbath, they were 

 liable to a penalty of 201. for every lunar month during which they 

 absented themselves." Every priest who said m:iss, and every person 

 who heard it, was liable to a fine of 100 marks, and imprisonment 

 for a year. The ministers of their religion, without whose presence 

 they were precluded from the exercise of the sacraments and other 

 rites, were in effect proscribed and banished ; for by a statute passed 

 in 1585 it was enacted that all Jesuits, seminary and other priests, 

 ordained since the beginning of the queen's reign, should depart out 

 of the realm within forty days after the end of that session of parlia- 

 ment, and that all such priests or other religious persons ordained 

 since the same time should not come into England or remain there 

 under the pain of suffering death as in case of treason. It was also 

 enacted by the same statute that all persons receiving or assisting such 

 priests should be guilty of a capital felony. It may be truly said that 



