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FITZ JAMES. 



FLAMININUS, TITUS QUINTIUS. 



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his attachment to that princess speedily failing, Mrs. Fitzherbert 

 returned to the prince, under the advice of the Roman see, and again 

 lived with him for several years as his wife. The irregularities of 

 the prince however eventually drove her into retirement, and she 

 spent the last years of her life at Brighton, enjoying the respect and 

 good opinion of King George IIL, King William IV., and the whole 

 of the Royal family, and dispensing a large income in numerous 

 charities. She refused the offer of a peerage upon more than one 

 occasion. She died at Brighton March 29, 1837, and was buried in 

 the Roman Catholic Chapel of that town, where a monument was 

 erected to her memory by her adopted child, the orphan daughter of 

 Lady Horatia Seymour. 



(Lord Holland, Memoirs of the Whig Party, 1855; Hon. C. Langdale, 

 Memoirs of Mrs. Fitzherbert, 1856.) 



FITZJAMES. [BERWICK, DUKE OF.] 



FITZ-ROY, CAPTAIN ROBERT, R.N., was born in June 1805, 

 and is the second son of General Lord Charles Fitz-Roy, who died 

 December 20, 1829. He entered the navy October 19, 1819, and 

 obtained his first commission September 7, 1824. He served in the 

 Thetis frigate on the Mediterranean and South American stations. 

 The charts of the coasts of South America having been found to be 

 very imperfect, and in many instances erroneous; the French and 

 English governments undertook, for the benefit of the mercantile 

 world, to explore and survey those coasts, the French undertaking to 

 examine the shores of Brazil, and the English those of Patagonia, 

 Tierra del Fuego, Chili, and Peru. In 1825 two vessels were ordered 

 to be fitted out for this purpose, the Adventure, 330 tons, and the 

 Beagle, 235 tons. Captain Philip Parker King was appointed to the 

 direction of the expedition, and the command of the Adventure; 

 Captain Pringle Stokes to the command of the Beagle. The expe- 

 dition sailed from England in May 1826. Captain Stokes died in 

 1828, and the Beagle was temporarily commanded by Lieutenant 

 Skyring, but in December of that year Rear- Admiral Sir Robert Otway, 

 couimauder-in-chief on the Rio Janeiro station, appointed Captain 

 Fitz-Roy to the command of the Beagle, with Lieutenant Skyring as 

 his assistant-surveyor. After four years of unremitting labour the 

 Adventure and Beagle sailed together from Rio Janeiro August 6, 

 1830, on their return, and anchored in Plymouth Sound, October 14. 



In the 'Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,' vol. i., p. 155, 

 4c., are 'Some Observations upon the Geography of the Southern 

 Extremity of South America, Tierra del Fuego, and the Strait of 

 Magalhaens, made during the late Survey of those Coasts, in his 

 Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle, between the years 1820 and 

 1830 ; by Captain Philip Parker King, F.R.S., &c., and Commander 

 of the Expedition.' Read 25th April, and 9th May 1831. Captain 

 King, in this paper, mentions the discovery, by Captain Fitz-Roy, 

 in the Strait of Magalhaens, of a large inland sea, fifty miles long, 

 which was named the Otway Water, and which is connected by a 

 channel, called the Fitz-Roy Channel, with another large saltwater 

 lake, which was named Skyring Water. 



In the year 1831 the Beagle was prepared for another surveying 

 voyage, and on the 27th of November 1831 set sail from Plymouth, 

 well manned, well appointed, and well provided, with Captain Fitz- 

 Roy for commander, and Mr. Charles Darwin as naturalist. Having 

 circumnavigated the globe, and accomplished as far as practicable all 

 the objects which the expedition had in view, the Beagle cast anchor 

 at Falmouth, October 2, 1836, having been absent four years and ten 

 months. 



In the year 1839 the two following works were published : 

 ' Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of H.M.S. Adventure and Beagle 

 between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their Examination of the 

 Southern Shores of South America, and the Beagle's Circumnavigation 

 of the Globe,' 2 vols. 8vo, London, written by Captain Fitzroy, in 

 conjunction with Captain King. 'Journal of Researches into the 

 Geology and Natural History of the various Countries visited by 

 H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitz-Roy, from 1832 to 

 1836 ; by Charles Darwin, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., Secretary to the Geolo- 

 logical Society,' 8vo, London. On this work the President of the 

 Geological Society made the following remark : " Looking at the 

 general mass of Mr. Darwin's results, I cannot help considering his 

 royage round the world as one of the most important events for 

 geology which has occurred for many years." 



Captain Robert Fitz-Roy in 1841 sat as M.P. for the city of Durham. 

 On the 21t of September 1842 he was appointed acting conservator 

 of the River Mersey. On the 3rd of AprU 1843 he became governor 

 and commander in-chief of the colony of New Zealand. In 1846 

 Mr. Grey (now Sir George Grey) succeeded him as governor of New 

 Zealand. In the same year Captain Fitz-Roy published a pamphlet 

 in justification of his government of the colony, iutitled, ' Remarks 

 on New Zealand in February, 1846.' In 1850 he published 'Sailing 

 Directions for South America, by Captains Philip Parker King and 

 Robert Fitz-Roy, Royal Navy,' consisting of charts and an 8vo volume. 

 The volume i* chiefly from the pen of Captain Fitz-Roy, and the charts 

 which accompany it are the results of his surveys. 



Captain Fitz-Roy married December 8, 1836, and has issue. 



FITZSTEPHEN, WILLIAM, auttfor of the earliest description of 

 London extant, was of Norman extraction, but born in the metropolis. 

 He became a monk of Canterbury, and was much connected with 



BIOO. DIV. VOL. a. 



Archbishop Becket ; he was one of his clerks, and an inmate in his 

 family, filling different offices at different times in his train and house- 

 hold. He continued with the archbishop after hia other clerks and 

 servants had deserted him, and was also an eye-witness of his murder 

 at Canterbury. Fitzstephen is supposed to have died in 1191. His 

 ' Description of the City of London ' was part of another work, ' The 

 Life and Passion of Archbishop Becket.' The description of London 

 was probably written towards the end of the reign of Henry II. (who 

 died in 1189); but in the carefully collated text of Fitzstepheu in 

 Mr. Thoms's edition of Stow, among the " illustrious and august 

 princes " which " London in modern times has produced," ' Henricum 

 regem tertium ' is named. This of course would make the ' Descrip- 

 tion ' to be of at least some thirty years later date than is usually 

 assigned to its composition, and Fitzstephen to have been living at a 

 correspondingly later period. But it is probably the error of a copyist 

 who has inserted the name of the third in the place of the second 

 Henry. The description is one of the oldest and most remarkable 

 mediaeval notices of any European capital It was accordingly noticed 

 by Leland and Stow, the latter of whom inserted a translation of it in 

 his 'Survey of London.' Dr. Pegge iu 1772 published Fitzatephen's 

 original text, with a more accurate translation and notes ; and Mr. 

 Thorns, in his edition of Stow's ' Survey of London,' 1843, inserted a 

 collated version of the original text with a revised translation. This 

 is the best edition. Fitzstephen, if we may judge from his quota- 

 tions, was well versed in the Latin, and had looked into some of 

 the Greek classics. There is a fine manuscript of Fitzstephen's 

 history among the Lansdowne volumes (No. 398) in the British 

 Museum that employed by Mr. Thorns ; and a fragment of another 

 copy among the manuscripts of the late Francis Douce, Esq., iu the 

 Bodleian. 



FLACCUS, CAIUS VALE'RIUS, was born at Padua according to 

 some, or at Setia in Latium according to others, who ground their 

 opinion chiefly on the names of Setinus Balbus, which are found added 

 to his other names in some manuscripts of the ' Argonautica.' Some 

 however have supposed that Setinus Balbus was merely a transcriber 

 or reviser of the poem. Flaccus lived under Vespasian, and was a 

 contemporary of Martial, who addressed to him one of his epigrams, 

 inviting him to abandon poetry for the bar, as a surer means of making 

 his fortune. He seems to have died young at Padua ; and Quinctilian 

 speaks of his death as a loss to literature. He wrote his ' Argonautica ' 

 in imitation of Apollonius. The poem is full of digressions and epi- 

 sodes, amidst which the main action languishes, and is often lost sight 

 of. Some of the descriptions however are remarkably fine and poeti- 

 cal ; and it is observed that Flaccus is more elegant in those parts of 

 the poem which are of his own invention than in those which he has 

 borrowed or imitated from Apollonius. His style is at times obacure, 

 and he is very fond of displaying his erudition, which is often out of 

 place. We have only eight books or cantos of his ' Argonautica,' the 

 last of which is incomplete ; the whole poem is supposed to have 

 consisted of ten or twelve cantos. This poem was first discovered 

 by Poggio Bracciolini in the convent of St. Gall. G. B. Pio pub- 

 lished in 1519 an edition of it, adding the termination of the eighth 

 canto as well as the ninth and tenth cantos of his own compo- 

 sition. It haa been translated into most of the modern languages of 

 Europe. 



FLAMINI'NUS, TITUS QUINTIUS, was made consul, B.C. IDS, 

 before he was thirty years of age, and had the province of Macedonia 

 assigned to him, with the charge of continuing the war against Philip, 

 which had now lasted for two years without any definitive success on 

 the part of the Romans. Flamininus having landed in Epirus, opposite 

 the island of Corcyra, with a reinforcement of 8000 foot and 800 horse, 

 marched up the country, where he found Philip posted in a rugged 

 pass on the banks of the Aous, among the mountains of Eastern 

 Epirus. After some fruitless negociations with the king of Macedonia, 

 the Romans, under the guidance of an Epirote shepherd, attained by 

 a mountain path the rear of the Macedonian position, and Philip was 

 obliged to make a hurried retreat across the chain of Pindus into 

 Thessaly. He was followed by the Romans and their allies, the 

 -Ktoliuu.s and the Athamanians, who overran and ravaged the country. 

 Meantime L. Quintius Flamininus, the brother of the consul, sailed 

 with a fleet to the eastern coast of Greece, where, being joined by the 

 ships of the Rhodians and of Attalus of Pergamus, he scoured the 

 coasts of Eubcoa, Corinth, and other districts which were allied or 

 subject to the king of Macedonia. The consul himself marched into 

 Phociis, where he took Elatea, and having there fixed his winter- 

 quarters, he succeeded in detaching the Acluuuns from the Macedonian 

 alliance. In the following year Flamininus, being confirmed by the 

 senate in his command as proconsul, before beginning hostilities afresh 

 held a conference" with Philip on the coast of the Maliac Gulf, and 

 allowed him to send legates to Rome to negociate a peace. The 

 senate however having required the king to evacuate all the towns of 

 Greece which he had occupied, including Demetrias in Thessaly, Chalcia 

 in Euboea, and Corinth, the negociations were broken off and Flami- 

 ninus resumed military operations. He marched from Phocis into 

 Thessaly, where Philip was stationed near Larissa with a body of 

 16,000 phalanx men, 2000 peltastte, and 5000 Thracian and other 

 auxiliaries. After some previous demonstrations and partial attacks, 

 the two armies met between Pherse and Larissa, in a country broken 



3o 



