I 



FRACA8TOHO, HIERONY 



FHANCIA, DOCTOK JOSE. 



the trial of Morrau, and he expressed himself against that proc*linz 

 with o much animation, that be would hare been arrested if h bad 

 not left the capital and joined the camp of Utrecht, where be refined 

 to sign a connrmttiUtory addteat to the first consul on tlie occasion of 

 hii eecape from the couapiraton' plot. Being a sincere republican, he 

 Toted agaiiut the election of Bonaparte to the imperial dignity. Not- 

 withstanding that circumstance, Napoleon I. employed Foy. but left 

 him a long time without promotion. In 1807 he wai commissioned 

 by Napoleon I. to conduct 1200 French caunonien to assist Sultan 

 Selim II. against Russia, but the revolution which took place at Con- 

 stantinople prevented their departure. Koy himself went however to 

 Constantinople, where he assisted the Turki in making dispositions 

 for the defence of the Dardanelles. From Constantinople he wont to 

 Portugal, distinguished hiuiv-lf in many battles, received several 

 wounds, roe* to the rank of lieutenant-general, and continued to serve 

 during all the Peninsular war, till he received a severe wound at the 

 battle of Orthes. He was employed at the Restoration by the Bour- 

 bons, but joined Napoleon after his landing from Elba, and fought 

 bravely at Waterloo, where he WM again wounded. From that time 

 he retired from military service, and devoted himself entirely to the 

 study of history, and political and military science, to which he had 

 previously applied all his leisure time. In 1819 Koy wa chosen deputy 

 of the department of Ain, and the talents which he displayed iu the 

 new earrer now opened to him surpassed the most sanguine expecta- 

 tions of hi* friends. His debut in the parliamentary field was an 

 eloquent defence of the rights of his old companions in arms, the 

 veterans of the imperial army, whom the organs of the Restoration 

 sought to deprive of their well earned rewards. He vigorously attacked 

 the Lavish expenditure of public money for the maintenance of useless 

 establishments, and to support the instruments* of an anti-national 

 party ; but he was always a steady advocate of every expenditure which 

 was requisite for the support of the power and dignity of a great 

 nation. Koy had a bard battle to fight against the retrograde party, 

 which sought to destroy the effects of the constitutional charter by 

 introducing into the electoral body the privileges which the charter 

 had abolished. Yet the efforts of Koy and of a patriotic minority 

 were unavailing against the party, which, acoordipg to an expression 

 of Koy himself, reckoned in the legislative chamber two members to 

 one, and in the nation one individual in a thousand. Counter revolu- 

 tionary measures followed one another; the elective franchise was 

 restricted, the liberty of the press curtailed, independent writers pro- 

 secuted, and the constitutional government of Spain overturned by a 

 French expedition. Notwithstanding all these defeats of the literal 

 party, Foy never deserted the post where he was placed by the con- 

 fidence of bis countrymen, and he castigated the unprincipled proceed- 

 ing* above referred to with earnest eloquence. 



In November 1825, Foy began to suffer from the symptoms of an 

 aneurism : he felt his end approaching, but remained calm and col- 

 lected under the most severe sufferings, till his death on the 28th of 

 November. His death was considered iu France as a national cala- 

 mity ; his funeral was attended not only by his political friends, but 

 i v. ii by his opponents, who no longer refused to pay the tribute of 

 just admiration to a deceased adversary. As he left a family in rather 

 straitened circumstances, one million of francs was raised for them by 

 a national subscription. Foy loft two volumes of speeches, and a 

 'History of the Peninsular War,' a work which has been warmly 

 eulogised in England as well as in France, by writers professing poli- 

 tical opinions completely opposed to those of General Foy ; which he 

 unfortunately, however, loft incomplete, 



KKACASfo Ko, HIKHO'N YMUS.one of the most learned men of 

 his time, as well as one of the best modern Latin poets, was born at 

 Verona, in 1483, of an ancient family. From his earliest youth In; 

 applied himself to the study of the sciences, particularly to medicine, 

 and he became professor of logic at .the university of Padua when he 

 was only nineteen yedt* old. Fracastoro died in 1693. He enjoyed 

 during his lifetime the esteem and friendship of many eminent men of 

 his time, and Kamualo, who owed to Fraostoro the idea as well as 

 many materials for bit collection of the ' Navigation! et Vioggi,' erected 

 * brass statue to his memory at Padua. Julius Cicsar Scaliger wa* 

 inch an admirer of Fracastoro s poetical talents that he wrote a poem 

 in his praise, entitled ' A no Fracasloriio.' The principal works of 

 Fracastoro are' Sypbilides, tive morbi Onllici, libri tres,' published 

 at Verona, 1580, in 4to ; and subsequently often reprint, d elsewhere ; 

 besides being translated into French, and several times into Italian : 

 the best Italian translation is that of Vizentio Benin! de Colonia, pub- 

 lished, with the complete collection of Fracastoro's works, at Padua, 

 1730, in 4 to. Fraoastoro's reputation rests chiefly on this work, which 

 be dedicated to Bembo, who was bis particular friend, in a poetical 

 epittle, of which Itoecoe has given an English translation in his life of 

 Leo X. It is remarkable that the name of the hero, Syphilis, from 

 which the title of the poem is derived, gave birth to the technical 

 appellation by which the above-mentioned disease is known. It seems 

 that in adopting such a subject for his poem Fracastoro wished to 

 display in one work his extensive knowledge in the various branches 

 of natural philosophy, his skill in medicine, and his admirable 

 for Latin poetry. Besides the poem of 'Syphilis,' Kracastoro pub- 

 lished the following works : ' De Vinl Teroperatura,' Vt,, 

 4to; Homocentricornin, ive de Stcllis, liber unus de Canals Criti- 



cornm dierum, libellus,' Venice, 1535, in 4 to ; 1538, Svo ; ' De Sympa. 

 thia et AntipathiA Kerutn, liber unus; de ConUgionibua et Conta- 

 giosis Morbis, et eornm Curatione, libri tres,' Venice, 1546, in 4to, 

 Fracastoro began a poem entitled ' Joseph,' but he was prevented by 

 death from finishing more than two cantos. He also left a volume of 

 Lstin poetry on different subjects, addressed to several eminent per- 

 sonages of his time. All these poetical productions were collected and 

 published at Padua, 1728, Svo. The complete works of Kracastoro 

 appeared for the first time at Venice, 1555, in 4 to, and they have been 

 ninny times reprinted there and elsewhere. 



KRANCliSCA, PIE'RO DELLA, called also PIEROBOR(;i 

 from his native place, Borgo San Sepolcro, where ho was bom about 

 1398. His chief excellence was in perspective, which he was the I'm t 

 to fully develops in practice; in other respects his works, of which 

 few remain, ore in the dry, hard, antique style of the period. Piero'a 

 greatest work is the legendary history of the Cross, in San Francesco, 

 at Arezzo : it is still preserved, though much injured by time and 

 ill-usage. He died about 1484. 



Piero's theoretical knowledge of perspective appears to have been 

 considerable, and he was, according to Vasari, one of the best geome- 

 tricians of his time : he wrote several treatises on these subjects, some 

 of which are still preserved at Borgo San Sepolcro. Some of his 

 writings, says Va=ari, were dishonestly published by his pupil. Kra 

 Luca dal Borgo, or Luc* Paooiolo, aa his own ; but the truth of thin 

 statement is doubted. Luca's works are, 'Summa Arithmetical ;' ' LA 

 Divina Proporzione,' with figures by Lionardo da Vinci ; ami ' Inter- 

 pretazione di Euclide.' He did not write on perspective ; but where 

 he notices the subject, he alludes to i'iero delta Francesca as " <! 

 monarca de la pictura." A ' Life of Piero ' was published at Florence 

 in 1835 by Oherardi Dragomanni. 



(Vasari, Vile de' Pittori. Ac.; Lau/.i, Storin Pitlorua; and tho 

 Notes to School's German translation of Vasari ; see also Rumour, 

 Italienwche Porichungen.) 



FRANCIA, FKANC'KSCO, the name by which Francesco llaibolini 

 is known, and which he wrote upon his works, after the name of his 

 master the goldsmith. Francia is one of the moat celebrated of tho 

 Italian painters, and the moot perfect in hii style, the ' autico-moderno,' 

 or that transition style between the comparatively meagre works of 

 the moat distinguished early masters and the fully-developed form and 

 character of the works of Raffaele and his great contemporaries. Ho 

 was born at Bologna about 1450, and he died there, according to a 

 document discovered by Calvi, on the 6th of January 1518. Vasari 

 says that he died of vexation upon seeing the St. Cecilia of Raffaele, 

 which was consigned to him in Bologna for the church of San Giovanni : 

 but, as he was sixty-eight years of age, there appears to be little 

 necessity for assigning any such cause for his death. Francia was by 

 education a goldsmith and a die- and niello-engraver, and he in sup- 

 posed to have taken up painting at a comparatively Lite perioil : li 

 must however have had some reputation as a painter in 1490, as he 

 was then employed on extensive works iu the Palazzo Beiitiv>;lio at 

 Bologna. He was an admirable colourist, and the greatest ma- 

 Bologna before the Caracci. He signed himself 'Aurifex' on his 

 paintings, and ' Pictor ' on his jewellery. The two pictures by him in 

 the National Gallery are admirable specimens of his style, and perhaps 

 more perfect individual specimens than any other of the foreign 

 pictures in the collection : they orii;inally formed an altar-piece 

 Buonvisi chapel, in the church of San Fridiuno, Lucca, whence they 

 passed into the Duke of Lucca's collection, nnd were eventually 

 purchased for the nation in 1840 for 35002. 



GIAOOMO FBANCIA, the son and pupil of Francesco, painted in his 

 father's style, and, though far from equalling his father, was a good 

 painter : he died in 1.W7. 



(Vasari, Vile de' Pittori, <frc. ; Malvsiia, Feltina Pitlrice; Lauzi, 

 Worm Pittorica ; Calvi, Memorit della Vita e deltt Opere di Prancaco 

 Kaibolini delta il Francia.) 



FIIANCIA, DOCTOR JOSfc OASPAR RODRIGUEZ (and ]..: 

 himself at least appears to have written tho name with the f mini 

 prefix, De Francia), Dictator of Paraguay, is said to have been born 

 near tho town of Asuncion, the capital of that country, in IT 

 1758. His father, a Kuropean, was a chacarero, or small proprietor 

 cultivating his own land. Francia liim-clf, who had a passion for 

 everything French, alleged that his father came from r ranee, but 

 others have asserted that he was a 1'ortn i> - However that may 

 be, old Francis had gone to Brazil, and, proceeding thence to tho 

 Spanish possessions in the interior, had finally settled in Paraguay, 

 where be married a Creole, and had this Joi<5 and other sous and 

 daughters. Joid was the eldest 



When ho came to the proper age, young Francia was sent to tho 

 University of Cordova, in tho neighbouring province of Tucuman, to 

 be educated for the church. Here he took his doctor's degree, but it 

 is uncertain whether of divinity or of law. The latter he ultimately 

 determined to make his profession. The change was perhaps prompted 

 in part by the turn which his "pinions bad taken or begun to take 

 towards deism, the avowed cre-'d of his latt-r years, which he had 

 imbibed from reading the works of Rousseau, Raynal, and other 

 French writers of that school He seems to have spoken as well as 

 read the French language; and he also brought away with him from 

 college, besides what he learned of law and theology, some knowledge 



