FRAtfCKWOSBPH-OHARLlM. 



FttAHCIS, SIR PHIUtV. 



duke John that of Italy. whiUt a font under General Chasteler entered 

 the Tyrol, where the people rose to a man fur their former sovereign. 

 Thi war had a different character from the preceding, inasmuch 

 the people of Germany began now to take part againtt the Krcncli : 

 eorpe of partisans were formed under Schill, the duke of Brunswick 

 OeU, and others who annoyed the Freuoh, and a general tpirit of 

 insurrection manifetted iU< If against the foreign yoke. The opera- 

 tions of the war were alto ooaduoted on a diff- ruut plan from the 

 former wan of M.rengo, AusterliU, and Jena, when a tingle battle had 

 decided the fate of the content The Austrian* now fought detached 

 engagement* with various aucpeas, and although obliged to retire, and 

 even to abandon Vienna, the archduke Charles kept his army together 

 in good orler. The battle of Aspern was fought with a tremendous 

 lots) on both sides, aud Napoleon I. was obliged to retire across the 

 Danube. After some time the battle of Wagram took place, and 

 although lost by the Austrian*, yet the archduke retired in good order 

 towards Bohemia. He proposed an armistice, which Napoleon I. 

 accepted, and after long negociatious the peace of Sohoubrunn took 

 place in October 1809. 



ID IslO Napoleon I. married a daughter of the emperor Francis. 

 In IMi, during the Russian campaign, an auxiliary Austrian corps 

 under SchwarUenberg, acted in Poland against Russia, but it effected 

 little. In 1813 Austria resumsd its neutrality, aud offered its medi- 

 ation between Russia and Franco on condition that both powers should 

 evacuate Qcrmany. On Napoleon's refusal, Austria joined the allies, 

 and its army contribute'! largely to the success of the great battle of 

 Leipzig, which decided that campaign. In the following year the 

 Austrian armies entered Franco by the way of Switzerland, and 

 occupied Burgundy and Lyon. The emperor Francis followed the 

 movements of his troops, and after the Russians and Prussians had 

 entered Paris, in April 1814, he proceeded to that capital, where he 

 remained two months. In June 1811 he returned to Vienna, where 

 the congress of the European powen opened its sitting*. In 1815, 

 after Bonaparte's return from Elba, the Austrian troops advanced again 

 by the Simplon rood and occupied Lyon. Meantime another Austrian 

 army had driren Murat from Naples and re-established the old king 

 Ferdinand. From that epoch till his death the emperor Francis 

 remained at peace, with the exception of a short campaign against 

 the constitutional party at Naples in 1S21, when his troops appeared 

 as auxiliaries to King Ferdinand. When the events of July 1830 were 

 known at Vienna, Francis and his minister, Prince Metternioh, with- 

 stood the suggestions of the more violent legitimists, and determined, 

 as England had already done, not to interfere in the internal affairs 

 of France, provided that power respected the existing treatise with 

 regard to its foreign policy. Prussia followed the same course, and 

 thus Europe was saved from another general war. Francis died at 

 Vienna on the 2nd of March 1835, in his sixty-seventh year, and wot 

 succeeded by bis eldest son FERDINAND, who, after a quirt reign of 

 twelve years, but one in which the country was bowed down under 

 the yoke of a leaden despotism, was forced by the revolutionary 

 events, as noticed below [KRiXtuvJosErH-CuAKLKs], to abdicate on 

 the 2nd of December 1848. 



In Austria and his other German states the emperor Francis was 

 popular, and personally beloved, especially by the middling and lower 

 r'sssnt He was accessible, kind, and plain-spoken, simple and regular 

 in his habits, aniduous to business, and his moral conduct was unex- 

 ceptionable. His policy and administration were of a paternal charac- 

 ter. He was averse to every form of political innovation ; having 

 suffered much from the French revolution and its consequences, he had 

 conceived a horror of revolutions, and of every movement that partook 

 of a democratic spirit. The ruling principles of his administration 

 were love of order, minuteness of detail, economy, and strict subor- 

 dination. These principles, which agreed pretty well with the character 

 of bis German subject-', clashed with the temper of the people of Italy, 

 whose activity, love of pleasure, military ambition, and national spirit, 

 had been stimulated during twenty years of French dominion. The 

 people of Lombardy, specially the educated classes felt dissatisfied at 

 being reduced to the condition of on Austrian dependency. Con- 

 spiracies were hatched, but they all fnilc I, and only served to render 

 the Austrian government more suspicious and severe. Of the persons 

 implicated some escaped, others wero tried aud condemned to death, 

 which sentence the emperor commuted to imprisonment for various 

 periods in several fortresses, but mostly in the cnstlo of Spielberg, in 

 Moravia. Francis promoted material improvements, roads, canals, and 

 manufactures. His views of commercial policy wore of the old or 

 Colbert school. He deserves praise as the promoter of popular educa- 

 tion ; he established elementary schools throughout all his dominions, 

 and superintended himself all the details and working of the system : 

 but in this, as in every other matter, his policy was directed towards 

 the prevention or the eradication of all independence of opinion. 



FRANCI8-JOSK1MI CH.Mtl.KS, Ktnperor of Austria, was born 

 August 18, 1880, the son of the Archduke FrancU-Charles-Joeeph, 

 brother of the Emperor Ferdinand, and of Sophia, daughter of 

 Maximilian-Joseph, king of Bavaria. In March 1848, after the 

 expubtion of Louis-Philippe from France, a revolution followed in 

 Vienna, Prince Metternioh fled, a free constitution was prepared and 

 accepted by Ferdinand, who soon afterwards withdrew from Vienna to 

 Innspruck. Insurrections against the Austrian power broke out in 



Hungary and Italy, and a diet for the formation ofVuniEed^Uerman 

 empire was assembled at Frankfurt Though Vienna had bee>takeu 

 possession of by the imperial troops, and though Radetakv 

 obtained advantages in Italy, it was felt that a firmer hand thsn 

 Ferdinand's was required to secure the Hapiburg dynasty from falling.- 

 Accordingly Ferdinand abdicated on December 2, 18\ in favour of 

 his nephew, who, though little more than eighteen, was declared of 

 age. Assisted by able counsellors, the military aid of Russia, and a 

 course of policy towards Hungary that can hardly be styled less thu 

 treacherous, the revolutionary movement wat stayed, aud what was 

 called pence a peace maintained only by large military establish- 

 ment* secured, lu the dispute between England aud Franco with 

 Russia in 185 4, the aim of the Emperor of Austria was to trim between 

 the contending powers, and he succeeded. Calling himself an ally of the 

 western allies, he protected as far as he was able the interests of Russia. 

 He thus gained permission to occupy the principalities of Moldavia and 

 \Vallaohia at protector, and made himself one of the contracting parties 

 in the peaoo signed at Paris in 1856. The other chief event* of hU 

 reign have been the intrigues to maintain the superiority of Austria 

 over Prussia in the Germanic Diet, in which he has been on the whole 

 successful ; and the signing of a concordat with the pope, in the early 

 part of 1 850, by which the influence of the Roman Catholic Church H 

 made all-powerful turoughout the Austrian dominions, and which, it 

 is asserted, is the source of much discontent. On April '21, 

 Francis-Joseph married Elizabeth-Amelia-Eugenia, daughtor of the 

 Duke of liavarh, by whom he has had two daughters. 



FRANCIS, REV. DR. PHILIP, was the son of the Rev. John 

 Francis, dean of Lismore, and rector of St. Mary's, Dublin, in which 

 city Philip was born iu the early part of the last ci-nlury. Philip 

 was educated at the University of Dublin, and then entered the 

 church, tho profession to which his progenitors for several genera- 

 tions had belonged. About tha year 1750 he came over to KM 

 and set up an academy at E.-dior in Surrey, where Gibbon was for a 

 short time one of his pupils; but the hUtoriau in his posthumous 

 memoirs gives no favourable account of the improvement he made. 

 "Francis," he says, " preferred tho pleasures of London to the 

 instruction of his pupils." While in this situation he published hi* 

 poetical translation of ' Horace,' which immediately brought hi 

 notice, and still continues to be reprinted. It has the advantage of 

 being the only complete modern metrical version iu Kn dish of the 

 works of that poet, but has no pretensions to b considered an 

 adequate representation of the original. He also published in 1757 a 

 translation of the ' Orations of Demosthenes and .ttschines,' in 

 4to. Before this he had published two tragedies, 'Eugenia,' Svo, 

 1752, and ' Constantino,' Svo, 1754. 'Eugenia' was acted at Drury 

 Lane, Garrick sustaining the principal character; but although repeated 

 for nine nights, it was very indifferently received. It is said in the 

 1 Biographia Dramatic* ' to be little more than a free translation of a 

 French tragedy by Grasigni, called ' Ceuie,' of which a literal version 

 was published the same year under tha title of 'Genii; or, the Sup- 

 posed Daughter.' ' Constantino ' was produced at Covent Garden. 

 " It met with very bad success," says the ' Biog. Dram.,' " although 

 not by many degrees tha worst of the productions of that 860000." 

 These literary performances obtained for the author the acquaintance 

 of many of the most distinguished person* of the time ; l>ut he - 

 a connection more important to his worldly interests by some political 

 pamphlets which he is said to have written, though they seem to 

 have appeared without his name, and thuir titles are not given in any 

 of the biographical notices of him that we have seen. From a passage 

 in the Preface to his ' Translation of Demosthenes,' it may be r 

 that he took tho Whig, or what. is commonly called the liberal aide of 

 politics. The biographer of his son in tha ' Annual Obituary ' i-ayx, 

 that "he is mentioned in Wilkes's 'Letters' as being engaged in 

 some delicate uegooiations ou the part of tho Right Hon. Henry Fox, 

 afterwards Lord Holland." He was chaplain, it seems, to Lord 

 Holland, aud assisted in the education of his son Charles, afterwards 

 the distinguished orator. Through Lord Holland's influence ho was 

 presented to the rectory of Barrow in Suffolk; in 1764 he was also 

 appointed joint-chaplain to Chelsea College. He died in 1773. 



FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP, was the son of the Rev. Dr. Philip 

 Franci*, and was born in Dublin on the 22nd of October 1740. Whcm 

 his father came over to England in 1750, he was placed on tho 

 foundation of St. Paul's School, London, where he remained about 

 three years, ll.-r-, it is worth observing, one of his schoolfellows 

 was Mr. Henry S. Woodfall, afterwards the printer of the 'Public 

 Advertiser,' aud the publisher of the 'Letters of Juntas.' In 1750 

 he was appointed to a place in the office of his father's patron, Mr. 

 Fox, then secretary of state; and when Fox was succeeded by I 'in. 

 in December of this year, young Francis had the good fortune to bo 

 recommended to, and retained by, the new secretary. In 1753, 

 through tho patronage of Mr. Pitt, he was appointed private secretary 

 to General Bligh, when that officer was Bent in command of an expe- 

 dition against the French coast; and while serving in this c> 

 he was present at an action fought between the British and French 

 forces in the neighbourhood of Cherb.mrg. In 1760, ou the same 

 recommendation, tho Earl of Kinnoul, on being appointed ambassador 

 to Portugal, took Francis with him as his secretary. He returned to 

 England in 1763 ,when the Right Hon. Wellcbore Ellis, afterward* 



