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FRYXELL, ANDERS. 



FULQBNTIUS, FABIUS PLANCIADES. 



1050 



the same time procured the introduction of libraries in the coast- 

 guard stations and the government packets. From 1837 to 1842 she 

 visited the principal towns in France, Belgium, Germany, and Holland, 

 chiefly for the purpose of extending her improvements in prison-dis- 

 cipline. She died on the 12th of October 1845 at Rarnsgate, and was 

 buried in the Friends' burying-ground at Barking in Essex. She bore 

 ten children, most of whom were living at the time of her death. 



(Memoir of Elizabeth Fry, with Ejtracli from her Journals; edited 

 by Two of her Daughters, 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1847.) 



* FRYXELL, ANDERS, one of the most eminent living historians 

 of Sweden, was born on the 7th of February 1795, at the parsonage 

 of Hesselskog in Dalslaud, where his father was minister. Anders 

 was the eldest of six children, and though he made his way to the 

 University of Upsal, was obliged to abandon his studies for a time 

 by want of means. In 1820 he was admitted to holy orders ; and 

 about the same time began to be known to the public as a writer in 

 the annuals, and as the author of an opera, ' Wermelands Flickau ' 

 (' The Lass of Wermeland '), which was acted with much success at 

 Upsal and Carlstad. In 1823 his career as an historian commenced 

 with the 6rst volumes of ' Beriittelser ur Svenska Historien,' or ' Nar- 

 ratives from Swedish History," a work originally on much the same 

 plan at Sir Walter Scott's ' Tales of a Grandfather,' as being intended 

 to contain only the more entertaining portions of history for the 

 perusal of youth. Fryxell's lucid and easy style made the work so 

 popular that he was induced, perhaps without due consideration, to 

 enlarge the plan, and that to such an extent, that while the whole 

 of the heathen times in Sweden are despatched in the first volume, 

 and of the Catholic times in the second, the single reign of Charles XI., 

 by no means one of the most distinguished kings of Sweden, occupies 

 no leas than eight volumes, from vol. xiii. to xx., which is the last we 

 believe that has yet appeared. 



In 1844 two volumes of an English translation of this work, by a 

 lady named Schoultz, containing the first three of the original, were 

 published under the editorship of Mary Howitt, but the work was not 

 continued, probably from want of encouragement. The latter portion 

 of Frvxell's work is now generally regarded as an appropriate supple- 

 ment to _Geijer's history of the earlier times of Sweden ; but the 

 opinions Sf the two historians are far from coinciding a controversy 

 having in fact been carried on between them respecting the estimate 

 to be formed of the part which the aristocracy plays in Swedish 

 history, Fryxell undertaking its defence against the heavy censure 

 of Geijer. Some of the best and most straightforward writing which 

 has flowed from Fryxell's pen is to be found in his pamphlets on this 

 controversy. The reputation acquired by his history led to his being 

 named to some honourable positions, as rector of schools at Stock- 

 holm ; and in 1833 he was promoted to the dignity of professor. In 

 the following year he applied for a government grant to prosecute 

 his researches by a journey abroad; and failing in obtaining it, raised 

 a private subscription for the same purpose, to which the king and the 

 crown-prince contributed, and he was thus enabled to collect the mate- 

 rials for his ' Documents relating to Swedish History ' (' Handlingar 

 rorande Sverges Historia '), 4 vols. 8vo, 1830-43. This is a very valuable 

 collection, and the account which is prefixed of the researches which 

 produced it from the libraries of Denmark, Germany, Poland, and 

 Holland, contains passages of singular spirit and interest. A long list 

 of Fryxell's works is given in Palmblad's ' Biographisht Lexicon ; ' 

 but the only one of importance that remains to be added is his 

 Swedish grammar, a popular school-book, of which the first edition 

 was published in 1824, and the tenth in 1852; and to which a brief 

 history of the Swedish language and literature is appended. Fryxell 

 is one of the Eighteen of the Swedish Academy, a member of many 

 other learned societies, and clergyman of the parish of Sunne, in the 

 diocese of Carlstad. 



FfJGER, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH, a distinguished German painter, 

 was born at Heilbron in Wurtemberg, in 1751. He studied first in the 

 academy at Dresden, whence he went in 1774 to that of Vienna, where 

 he obtained the privilege of being sent as imperial pensioner to Rome. 

 He remained about eight years in Rome, and in 1782 visited Naples, 

 where he was employed to paint a series of frescoes in the library of 

 Queen Caroline at Caserta, which he satisfactorily accomplished. In 

 1784 Fiiger was recalled to Vienna, and was appointed professor in and 

 vice-director of the academy, and subsequently director. He disd at 

 Vienna in 1818. Fiiger distinguished himself in fresco, oil, and 

 miniature painting, and likewise etched several plates with skill. His 

 style of design was however too academic; he was a venerator of 

 Mengs and imitated hia style, and therefore, as with his model, the 

 attainment of an imaginary ideal form engrossed his attention and 

 became the chief object in his works, at the expense of character and 

 other great qualities. Fiiger painted several pictures from Roman 

 history ; some from mythology and Homer ; a few from early Bible 

 history ; and a series of twenty illustrations of the ' Messiah ' of 

 Klopstock. Many of his works have been engraved ; the series from 

 Klopstock, by J. F. Leybold and otheis. His last picture was a large 

 allegory of the ' Restoration of Peace,' painted in 1815, to the glory 

 of Francis I. ; it represents the gratitude of the people on the banks 

 of the Danube, but the couipo.-ition is very poor : it was engraved by 

 ii. \ . Kinninger in 1821. Some of his best works have been engraved 

 by J. I'. I'ichlcr. (Nagler, Allgemeines Kttnitler-Lexicon.) 



IKXJ. 1JIV. VOL. It. 



FUGGER, a German family, originally of Augsburg, that amassed 

 great wealth in the 15th and 16th centuries by commerce, and espe- 

 cially by the monopoly of the spices, which they drew from Venice, 

 and with which they supplied Germany and other parts of the con- 

 tinent. The Fuggers were created counts by Charles V. iu 1530, to 

 whom they had lent large sums of money ; and a story is told of their 

 lighting a fire of cinnamon-wood with his bond or bonds for the 

 amount, iu the presence of Charles, who happened to be a visitor at 

 their bouse in passing through Augsburg. They also supplied 

 Philip II. with money, and two of their family contracted with tho 

 Spanish government for the mines of Almaden. The family becamo 

 divided into several branches, one of which obtained the rank of princes 

 of the German empire, under the title of Fugger Babenhausen, near 

 Ulin. The family continue to this day, and their domains are partly 

 in Bavaria and partly in Wurtemberg. The Fugger family, in the 16th 

 century, made a liberal use of their wealth, in founding charitable 

 institutions, such as the one still called Fuggerei ; in promoting learn- 

 ing, collecting manuscripts, and forming valuable libraries. Several 

 members of the family were themselves men of learning ; among 

 others Ulrich Fugger, born about 1520, was for a time a confidential 

 attendant of Pope Paul III., but afterwards returned to Germany, and 

 printed at his own expense several valuable manuscripts of classic 

 authors which he had collected. He engaged as his printer Henri Es- 

 tienne, with a handsome salary. His family being dissatisfied with his 

 expenditure, obtained an order from the civil courts taking away from 

 Ulrich the administration of his property under the pretence of inca- 

 pacity ; but the order was ultimately rescinded, and he was restored 

 to his rights. He died in 1584 at Heidelberg, leaving his fine library 

 to the Elector Palatine and several legacies to poor students. Another 

 Fugger wrote a history of Austria, published at Niirnberg in 1668. 

 Philip Edward Fugger, born in 1546, added greatly to the library and 

 cabinet of antiquities begun by his ancestors at Augsburg, and dis- 

 tinguished himself by his munificence. Otho Henry Fugger, count of 

 Kirchberg and Weissenhorn, born in 1592, served with the Spanish 

 army in Italy, and afterwards raised troops in Germany for the emperor 

 Ferdinand II. during the Thirty Years' War. (Imhoff, Notitia Imperil ; 

 Moreri, Dictionary, art. ' Fugger ; ' Almanack de Gotha.) 



FULGE'NTIUS, FABIUS CLAUDIUS GORDIANUS, Bishop of 

 Ruspiua, a town on the coast of Africa, was born about A.D. 464. His 

 father Gordianus, who was a senator of Carthage, was obliged to 

 leave his native city during the persecutions of the Vandals, and 

 retired to Telepte, in tho province of Byzacium, where Fulgentius 

 passed the early years of his life. He is said to have made great 

 progress in his studies, and to have acquired an accurate knowledge 

 of the Greek and Latin languages. In consequence of his attaiu- 

 menta, he was appointed at an early age to receive the public revenues 

 of the province; but he resigned his office soon after his appoint- 

 ment, and retired to a monastery in the neighbourhood. After 

 enduring many persecutions on account of his opposition to the Ariau 



doctrines, he resolved to go into Egypt to visit the celebrated monks 

 of that country. From this design he was dissuaded by Eualius, 

 bishop of Syracuse, on the ground that the monks of the East had 

 withdrawn from the Catholic communion, and accordingly he pro- 

 ceeded to Rome in 500. On his return to his native country, the 

 Catholic clergy elected him bishop of Ruspiua; but he did not enjoy 

 his dignity long, being exiled to Sardinia, together with the other 

 Catholic bishops of that part of Africa, by Tbrasimoud, king of the 

 Vandals. His learning, his austere manner of living, and his frequent 

 controversies with the Arians, procured him the universal respect of 

 the Catholic clergy, who considered him the greatest ornament of the 

 African church in that age. Curiosity led Tnrasiinond to recal him 

 to Carthige, where he held disputes with the king on the debated 

 points of the Arian controversy ; but as he was unable to convince 

 the monarch, he was obliged to return to Sardinia, where he remained 

 till 522, when the death of Thrasimond and the succession of 

 Hildericus to the throne occasioned the recal of the Catholic bishops. 

 Fulgentius returned to Ruspiua, and resided there till the time of his 

 death, which happened either in 529 or 533. 



His works were printed at Paris, in a 4to volume, in 1684. His 

 principal works are: 1, 'Three Books to Thrasimond, king of the 

 Vandals, on the Arian Controversy ; ' 2, ' Three Books to ilonimus.' 

 The first supports the opinions of Augustin on the doctrine of pre- 

 destination ; the second explains the sacrifice of Christ and the 

 passage in 1 Cor. vi. 6, " But I speak this by permission, and not of 

 commandment ; " tho third contains remarks on the Ariau interpre- 

 tation of John i. 1, " The word was with God. ' 3, ' Two Books to 

 Euthymius, on the Remission of Sins,' to show that God will pardon 

 sins only in this life; 4, 'A Book to Donatus, ou the Trinity;' 5, 

 ' Three Books on Predestination, to John, a priest, and Venerius, a 

 deacon ; ' 6, ' A Book on Faith ; ' 7, ' Letters on various religious 

 Subjects," written principally during his exile. 



(Dupin, JiMiotheque Eucttiiantiqw!, vol. v., p. 13-21, Eng. Trans. ; 

 Acta Sanctorum, vol. i., Jauuar. p. 32.) 



FULGENTIUS, FABIUS PLA.NCIADES, is said to have been a 

 bishop of Carthage, and to have lived iu the 6th century. Ho wrote 

 a work on ' Mythology,' in three books, addressed to a priest of the 

 name of Catus, which was printed for the first time at Milan iu 1487. 

 There is another work of Fulgentius, entitled ' Expositio Senuumun, 



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