FCLTON, ROBEHT. 



FUST, JOHN. 



10M 



eleven first verses of the fourth chapter of St. Matthew'* Gospel, con- 

 cerning llirUt'* Temptation*,' Lond. 16i2; 'Epbemerii Parliamen- 

 Uria,' fol 1654, and re-issued with new title* in 1658 and 1660. 

 ' Mixt Contemplation* in Bettor Time*,' 12ino, Lond. 1660. ' Ornitho- 

 logic : or the Speech of Birds ; also the speech of Flowers, partly 

 moral, partly mystical,' 12mo, 1660 ; beside* a ' Collection of Sermons,' 

 1657; and variou* single sermons, a ' Panegyrick to His Majesty on 

 his Happy Return,' 4to, 1600, Ac. In 1651 he published Dr. Holds- 

 worth's ' Valley of Vision,' with a preface. A specimen of hu Latin 

 composition, in what is called 'An Eccho,' occurs in the tint book of 

 Ayre* and Dialogues, for one, two, and three Voices,' by Henry 

 Lawcs, fol Lond. 1 653. Fuller wa* a man of great originality ; of wit 

 so exuberant a* to colour every page of his writing*, and yet 

 thoroughly genial, gentle, and natural ; and with a lively imagination 

 he alwaya displays great shrewdness, discrimination, comprehensive- 

 ues* of thought, clearness of vUion, and freedom from prejudice. His 

 personal character appear* to have been in every respect admirable. 



(l.<ft of Dr. Thomai Puller, 12mo, Lond. 1661 ; Siogr. Britan., 

 vol in. 2049-69; Ruasell. Memorial* of Thomai Puller; and Life of 

 Tkomat Puller in Kniykt'i Cabinet Portrait Gallery, vol vii.) 



IV l/ru X, ROBERT, diitiuguiahed a* having been the first to 

 establish steam-navigation on the American teas and rivers, was born 

 in 1765 in Little Britain, Pennsylvania. HU parents were emigrants 

 from Ireland. He received a common EnglUh education at a village 

 school. Besides a fondness for mechanical pursuits, he early displayed 

 a taste for drawing, and in his eighteenth year went to Philadelphia, 

 and began to paint portrait* and landscapes a* a means of subsistence. 

 In November 1786 he embarked for England, and on hU arrival in 

 London was received as a'i inmate in the houte of .West, the historical 

 ] aiuu-r, with whom he continued to reside for some years, aud who 

 also gave him instructions in his profession. 



After leaving West, painting was for some time his chief employ- 

 ment ; but with Fulton the fin* art* were destined to give place to 

 the mechanical. He spent about two years in Devonshire, where he 

 became acquainted with the Duke of Bridgewater, and project* for 

 the improvement of canal* then began to occupy the chief share of his 

 attention. In 1794 he took out a patent for an inclined plane, which 

 wa* intended to *et aside the use of locks ; he invented a machine to 

 facilitate excavation, and wrote a work on canals, in which he first 

 rtyle-1 himself a civil engineer. He also invented a mill for sawing 

 marble, and took out patent* for (pinning flax and making ropes. 



Fulton seems however to have had little success ; and at the latter 

 end of 1796 went to ParU, on the invitation of Joel Barlow, then 

 resident minuter from the United States, in whose house he resided 

 during seven yean. While at Pan* two projects appear to have 

 occupied a large portion of hi* time and attention : one, a carcass or 

 box filled with combustibles, which wa* to be propelled under water, 

 and made to explode beneath the bottom of a vessel ; the other, a 

 submarine boat, to be used for a similar destructive purpose. The 

 first was a failure; but of hi* submarine boat he mode many trials and 

 exhibition*, some of them at the expense of the French government, 

 with occasional failures and partial success, on the Seine, at Havre, 

 aud at Rouen. But for all practical purpose* this was as much a 

 failure u the other. He appears however to have clung to it with 

 great perseverance, and not long before hU death exhibited the power 

 of hU torpedo,' a* ho called it, by blowing up an old vessel in the 

 neighbourhood of New York. 



l!ut while at ParU Fulton had other and better pursuit*. He mode 

 himself acquainted with the higher branches of science, aud with the 

 modern European languages ; he projected the first panorama exhibited 

 at Paris, and in conjunction with Mr. R. Livingston, the American 

 ambassador, be.; an to make experiment* on the Seine with amall steam 

 boat* : a larger one wo* built, which broke asunder, but a second, 

 completed in 1808, wa* successful 



Boon after tbU time he was invited to England by the EnglUh 

 ministry, at the ruggestion of Earl Stanhope, with whom Fulton hac 

 become acquainted about the time of hi* introduction to the Duke o 

 Bridgewater. The object of the EnglUh ministry appear* to have 

 been to employ him in the construction of his submarine implement* 

 of war. After some trials on the Thames the negotiation failed, am 

 Fulton resolved to embark for America. 



In 1806 Fulton arrived at New York, and soon after, with fund* 

 supplied by Mr. Livingston, commenced the construction of a steam 

 vessel of considerable size, which began to navigate the Hudson in 

 1807. He afterward* built other* of Urge dimension*, one of them a 

 steam war-frigate, which bore hi* name. Hi* reputation became 

 established, and hi* fortune was rapidly increasing, when hi* paten 

 for team-vessels, which be bad taken out in conjunction with Mr 

 Livingston, wa* duputed, and hi* opponent* were in a considerable 

 degree successful. H U constitution had been impaired by hi* numerous 

 labours, and a (even cold which he caught by incautious exposure in 

 giving directions to hU workmen, together with the anxiety aud fret- 

 fume** occasioned by the lawsuit* about hi* patent rights, brought hi 

 life to a premature termination on the 24th of February 1815, in hi 

 forty-ninth year. Hi* death occasioned extraordinary demonstration* 

 of national mourning in the United State*. 



-i.l.l. HKNKY, wa* the woond son of John Caspar Fucssli, 

 portrait and landscape painter, and author of ' Lives of the Hclveti 



inters.' He wa* born at Zurich in Switzerland, 7th February. 1711. 

 he elder Fueuli gave hi* son a classical education, aud brought him 

 p for the church. He accordingly entered the Caroline College at 

 iirich, and having taken his degree of Master of Arts, entered into 

 oly orders in 1761 ; but having written a pamphlet, in conjunction 

 with Larater, in which the misconduct of a magistrate was exposed, 

 friend* of the two young men deemed it prudent that they should 

 vel for awhile. After travelling in Germany he came to England, 

 artly it appear* a* an agent for the purpose of esUbliihiug some 

 egular plan of literary communication between that country and hi* 

 ativo place. Sir Andrew Mitchell, the British minister at the court 

 f Prussia, furnished him with introductions ; and he supported 

 imself for some time by translating from Qerman, French, and Italian 

 nto Knglish, aud from English into German. The 'Letters' of Lady 

 I. \V. Montagu were among the works he translated into German, 

 n 1765 he published a translation of \Vinckclmann' s ' Reflections on 

 lie Painting aud Sculpture of the Ancients.' In the following 

 e set out as travelling tutor to Lord Chewton, the eldest son of Earl 

 V'aldegrave ; but he soon threw up his charge in displeasure. About 

 bis time he became acquainted with Sir Joshua Reynolds, to whom 

 IB showed some of his drawings. Reynolds recommended him to 

 levote himself entirely to painting, and he followed the advice. 



In 1770 he went to Italy, at which time he altered his name to 

 ''iiseli, to suit the Italian pronunciation, and this form he retained 

 after his return to England. In 177S he visited Zurich on his way 

 Mick to England. On his return he was engaged by Alderman Uoy.lfll, 

 with other artists, to paint pictures for the alderman's Shakspera 

 Jallcry. About the same period he edited the EnglUh edition of 

 ^water's work on physiognomy, and assisted Cowper in hU trans- 

 ition of Homer, with remarks and corrections. In 1788 he married 

 Miss Sophia Ruwlins of Bath Eaton, and subsequently was elected an 

 Associate of the Royal Academy. In 1790 he was elected Royal 

 Academician. In 1799 he completed a number of pictures, designed 

 from the works of Milton, to form a Milton Gallery, the idei of which 

 was suggested by the Shakspere Gallery; but he realised nothing 

 >y their exhibition. In the same year he was elected professor of 

 minting to the Koyal Academy, aud in 1803 keeper. Hi* edition of 

 .'ilkiugton's ' Lives of the Painters ' wa-! brought out in 1805. Canov:i, 

 upon his visit to England, was much struck with, Fuseli's works; and 

 on the sculptor's return to Rome, at his recommendation Fuseli was 

 elected a member of the first class in the Academy of St. Luke's. 

 Fui-eli died April 15, 1825, and was buried in the crypt of St. Paul's 

 cathedral 



Fuseli had great facility in learning language*. He said that he 

 could think and write with equal ease in French, Italian, and Euglish, 

 jut with most power in German. His EnglUh writings are in a stylo 

 not purely idiomatic, but they are full of nerve and originality of 

 expression. HU lectures contain (if we except some of his remarks 

 upon contemporaries, which were sometime* all but unavoidably 

 modified by personal feelings) some of the best criticism on the One 

 arts which had then appeared in the language. Though singularly 

 abrupt and irritable in temper, ho made and retained many friendships 

 which were only broken by death. Lavater, Bonnycastle, and Johnson 

 (the publisher), were among the oldest of his friends, aud he survived 

 them all Mauy curious anecdotes are told of the freedom aud quaint- 

 ness with which he passed hU strictures on all persons in matters of 

 art, literature, or manners. 



Fuseli made the works of Michel Angela his chief study. He also 

 moulded his style much upon the model of the colossal statue* on 

 Monte Cavallo at Rome. His colouring is low in tone, and overspread 

 with a sickly, greenish, leaden, or yellowish hue ; bU hand was hasty, 

 and not skilful He would sometime* work with his colours dry in 

 the powder, rubbing them up with his brush. Probably from a 

 deficiency in bis early study, his drawing wa) not so correct at his 

 ambition was daring. His anatomy sometimes resembles the mecha- 

 nical aud coarse ostentation of an srtilicial myotomical model rather 

 than the free, varying, and blended form* of nature. The proportions 

 are frequently exaggerated, and the action violent and intemperate. 

 In hi* desire to display the naked figure he often sacrifices his bettor 

 knowledge, and violates all rules of costume ; and there U som< 

 much that is extravagant and fantastical in his design. HU figures 

 set about the commonestvpccupations, straining every feature, linger, 

 and toe, with superfluous energy. On the other hand, there is always 

 life and action in bis figures, some event going forward in the design. 

 In dreamy or terrible subjects he U often grand and impressive. Fuseli 

 loved his art with a genuine affection, and the bold aud original 

 thought* of hU vigorous if not exalted mind were impressed upon the 

 canvas* without mUjiving. He only wanted a bettor training of his 

 hand, and a more temperate habit of thinking, to have made a great 

 painter. As it is, he ha* helped to vindicate the supremacy of design 

 (including invention) and expression over the inferior parts of the art, 

 and has done much to advance a better taste in thU country. 



(Knowle,i/eo//'W/>. prefixed to Fuseli'* works, 3 vols,8vo, 1831.) 

 FUST, or FAUST, JOHN, an opulent citizen of Mainz, a gold- 

 smith by trade, whose name appears as one of the inventors of the 

 art of printing, in the manner in which that art is effected by move- 

 able metal types. Gutenberg and Schoffer were the two others. 

 Gutenberg appears to have been the inventor of separate cast type*. 



