MADOZ. PA8C0AU 



M.ECEKA8, CAIU8 CILNIUS. 



or Henry I U yet in hi* table of the baron* of the Kxcheqner 

 j. Conquest, subjoined to the Hietory of the Kxche<|uer,' all 

 who are plamrl to the list to the time of Stephen are so placed ujon 

 UM rmn-attrira that It relate* to the fifth year of that kinir. at which 

 itsa* saoey of tl.ee* baron* were and loog bad been the adherent* of 

 Ik*) rival claimant of UM throne, the empress Maud. 



In IT Mr. Madox published his 'Firm. Burgi, or an Historical 

 Essay onsmrnlssj UM oWae, towns, and borough, of England, taken 

 trosa record*,' A posthnmoae work from the pen of Mr. Madox, 

 (HIM ' Baronia Anglic*,' a history of the land-honors and baronies, 

 and tenure to canlte, verified by records, to which he oorrecU the 

 error* into which LoH Coke and others have fallen in the use of these 

 tame, appeared to 17S, and, with merely an alteration of the date in 

 UMfruU*piss)e.tol741. 



Mr. Ma>lox was indefatigable and successful in collecting his 

 material*, and skilful to arranging them, but he has left it for others 

 to apply them to the polities! anil statistical hiitory of the kingdom. 

 A large body of document*, collected as material* for the work* which 

 be prepare-! for publication and for others which he projected, were 

 deposited by his widow to the British Museum. Mr. Madox held the 

 omee of historiographer royal 



MADOZ, fASCUAL, a distinguished Spanish statesman and 

 author, wa* born at Pampeluna on the 17th of May 1808. At the 

 age of fourteen be went to the University of Saragassa to study law, 

 and when UM movement for the constitution took place, he supported 

 it, young as be was, not only by hi* advocacy but by arm*. He was 

 one of those who successfully defended the castle of Monzon, on the 

 ISth of May 182S, when it was attacked by a detachment of the 

 French invading army, and being taken prisoner a few days after, 

 when UM garrison revolted and surrendered, he was kept to a dungeon 

 for seventeen month* before he was released. He then returned to 

 UM University of Saragotsa, where he (upported himself by rendering 

 assistance to other itud.nta who were richer than himself, and took 

 hie degree with the eminent honour of the unanimous vote in his 

 favour of UM thirty-five examiners, to every one of whom he wa* 

 obnoxious on the ground of hi* political opinions. This liberality of 

 lieeliimil did not extend however to bis sentiments to religion, as he 

 was shortly afterwards expelled from the university on the charge of 

 teaching Juuenist doctrine* to private. This blow was the more 

 severe that the minister Calomarde had introduced a regulation that 

 no advocate should be admitted to the bar before the age of twenty- 

 fire, and Madox was to consequence left almost destitute of resource*. 

 For a short period he emigrated to France, and on his return sue- 

 coded to obtaining UM editonhip of a Universal Geographical 

 Dictionary,' commenced by Bergnei, which was published to 10 vol*. 

 8vo, between 18S1 and 1-34, at Barcelona, by far the most literary 

 city to Spain after Madrid. A biographical dictionary in thirteen 

 volume*, which appeared at the same city about the same time, 

 was pillaged by wholesale from French sources, was very deficient 

 to UM Spans* articles, and wa* altogether a worthies* compilation. 

 To this the Geographical Dictionary T presented a complete contrast ; 

 it was carefully put together, from numerous sources the information 

 to UM Spaniah artiriee was novel ind valuable, and on tho whole it 

 did credit, not only to Madox and the contributor*, but to the country 

 which produced it. He also engaged in a large work entitl.il 

 Coleenon de O*n*ss Cel.br**,' a history of the moet interesting law- 

 tents shronshuut Europe, on UM plan of those to which French and 

 Oerman literature an so rich. The excluiively Spanish portion of 

 the Spanish work occupies six or seven octavo volume*. Thus occu- 

 pied be did not make his appearance at the bar till 1835, when liberal 

 principle* wen to the ascendant, and to the same year he was 

 appointed a Judge of the First Instance at Barcelona. This office he 

 nssguad almost Immediately after to take the command of a battalion 

 Of terasrtry agatoet UM CarBste who bad invaded Catalonia, the resigna- 

 tion bowevsr was not accepted, and be was at the same time a judge 

 of Dsiotlona and military governor of the valley of Ann. Hi* 

 election as deputy to the Cortes tent him to Madrid, when he soon 

 Otompild himself with the preparation of his great work the largest 

 literary enterprise but one to modern Spain the 'Diecionario 

 Oeogrst.ee sstaristloo Historic* de Kspana,' an alphabetical dictionary 

 fall UM name, of place* to Spam and it* beyond -sea possessions, of 

 which he WM at one* editor, publisher, and printer, having set up a 

 Urge estahlMinMsrt for UM expnw purpose of passing it through the 

 press. The dedication to the Queen of Spain bears date the 10th of 

 November 1848, but the book wa* not issued to the public till 

 between 1818 and 18iO. This dedication commences in a singular 

 veto of telf glorification, "To one who during the war knew how to 

 dnsad vour Majesty'* right* witli the sword, to one who has since 

 i for dgtt join to Parliament (' en el Portamento ') the noble 

 i of UM crown now happily united with that of the people, it 

 be permitted to onto to his Queen the fruit of the literary 

 i of long yean and of no scanty vigils." The preface U to a 

 ....-. strata : Constancy,* says Madox, " hi my distinctive character, 

 and my resolution alway* tocnsjes to proportion to the increase of 

 tW Msahtie U he* to encounter." The real merits of the dictionary 

 are very great It extends to rixteen volumes quarto, of about 600 

 page*, en* tosely printed to doubt* oolumns,-lh. article Msdrid 

 alone ooMpte* a volume, which was alto issued separately, and U by 



far the beat and most copious account of the Spanish capital which 

 has appeared in any shape. In the preceding dictionary of Spain and 

 Portugal by Minano, the Spanish public was in possession of a national 

 guetteer quite on a pur with the imual works of the clam ; in that of 

 Madox it has one to which neither England nor France has ss yet. fur 

 extent and excellence combined, produced an equal. It seemed to 

 require sn explanation how such a work could be produced in the Penin- 

 sula, and in 18(5 Sanches de Ocana, to a reply to some attack* of Madox 

 on the Moderado finance ministers, stated that at all event* the pub- 

 lisher of the ' Diecionario Qeografieo ' owed them a debt of gratitude, 

 since in 1850 they had contributed two million reals (about 20,000*. ) 

 to the support of his work. This was done it appear* in the same 

 way that support had been afforded to Minano, the holders of public 

 offices were encouraged to take copies by being allowed to charge the 

 price to the government, who paid Msdnr., and deducted the sum from 

 the saUries of the subscriber*, which in Spain are as a matter of course 

 always much in arrear. Of course a subscriber who did not wi*h to 

 retain lii* copy could always obtain an advance from a bookseller on 

 sixteen substantial volumes of attractive matter fresh from the press, 

 uml thus all parties received what might be considered a benefit. 

 Between 1843 and 1848 Madox hod been from political cause* obliged 

 to absent himself for some time in France and Belgium, on his return 

 and on the publication of his gigantic work bo was elected to important 

 offices at Barcelona, and came to be looked upon as the head of the 

 party of ' Progreeistas ' in the Cortes. When in 1854 Eipartero wa* 

 restored to power, Madox was elected President of that assembly, and 

 on the 21st of January 1855 he was appointed Minuter of Finance. 

 So soon afterwards a* the 10th of February, he brought forward a 

 gigantic scheme of a new loan to be guaranteed by ' disainortization ' 

 of the public property, and the immediate sole of all estates bel 

 to the crown, the clergy, and the establishments of public charity and 

 education. The invasion of the property of the clergy was in oppo- 

 sition to the stipulations of the Concordat with Rome in 1851, and 

 the queen was so averse to the plan that rumours were current that 

 O'Donnel and Espartero then united, had been obliged to exert their 

 influence to the utmost to wring her reluctant assent. Madoz was 

 accused of such incaution in tho management of the loan OB to open 

 a door for gross frauds, and after only four mouths of office made 

 way for a successor. On the dismissal of Kspnrtero in July 1856. tho 

 ex-minister of finance presided at a meeting of the Cortes which voted 

 a want of confidence in the ministry, and headed a body of the national 

 guard, who off. red resistance to O'Donnel in the streets of Madrid, bat 

 the attempt did not succeed, and Madoz was obliged to seek safety in 

 concealment. At present (December 1858) the latest intelligence 

 from Spain i* to the effect that the queen bos revoked her consent to 

 the alienation of the property of the clergy. Madoz has been long 

 married, and bos a family. A few years ago he bad the misfortune to 

 see one of his daughters, while bathing on the coast near Barcelona, 

 carrie 1 out to eea and drowned before his eyes. - 



M.fcCE'NAS, CAIUS CI'LNIUS, belonged to the equestrian order 

 (Horat, ' Carm.' i 20, 5; Velleius Patera, ii. 88; Taa, 'Ann.' vi. 11), 

 and was descended from an ancient Etruscan family at Arretium. 

 The cognomen Maecenas is derived, according to Varro, from a town 

 of the same name. (' De Ling. Lat,' vii., end.) We are ignorant of 

 the place and time of his birth; but he appears to have received a 

 superior education, and was well acquainted with the Greek language. 

 (Hor., ' Carm.' iii. 8, 5; ' Epist.' i. 19, 1.) He early became acquainted 

 with Octavianus (Augustus Cesar), and continued through his life an 

 intimate friend and chief adviser of that emperor. While Augustus 

 was engaged in opposing Sextus Pompeius, and also during many of 

 his other wars, Maecenas was entrusted with the charge of the city ; 

 and it appears to have been owing in a great degree to hii prudence 

 and sagacity that peace was preserved in Rome during the absence of 

 Augustus. (Too., 'Ann.,' vi. 11 ; Dio., xlix. 16 ; Seneca, Kpist' 114 ; 

 Hor., ' Carm.' ill 29, 25.) Maecenas is said to have dissuaded Augustus 

 from his purpose of restoring the ancient Roman constitution, which 

 Augustus however could never have seriously intended. (Sueton., 

 Octav.,' 28; Seneca, 'De Brev. Vit,' 6) Mascenas was held in the 

 greateit honour by Augustus, although during the Utter part of his 

 life ha appears to have been for a short time in disgrace with the 

 emperor, principally owing to the intrigues of his wil Tir.-ntia; but 

 he was probably received into favour again before his death. 

 happened ac. 8, four years after that of Agrippa. Maecenas enjoyed with 

 Agrippa the full confidence of Augustus, and his death was con 

 by Augustus as on irreparable loss. If we may believe a tale related 

 by Dion, he sometimes rebuked the emperor with the utmo-t fi . 

 (Iv. 7). Maecenas was a great patron to literature; and it was prin 

 owing to his assistance and support that Virgil and Horace weri 

 from a state of poverty and indigence, and enabled to devote thru- 

 st-Ires to poetry. They wete both admitted to his friendship, and 

 Horace In particular appear* to have lived on terms of the greatest 

 Intimacy with him. The health of Maecenas was not good, and was 

 probably injured by his luxurious and voluptuous habits. He lived -in 

 a magnificent house on the Esquiline Hill, from which Nero is said 

 to have witnessed the burning of Rome. (Suet, ' Nero,' c. 88 ; Sen., 

 'Epist.' 114.) 



Mxccnas wrote several works, none of which have come down to m. 

 Their loss however Is not much, to be deplored, sliioe, according to the 



