MAOENDIE, FRANCOIS. 



MAHMUU II. 



waa mayor of 

 Council. aad of the Commune de Paria, 



the 10U> arrondiasement, a member of the 

 . the Commune de Paria, He also married a 



aeeoad tiaw. and the reeult was an almoat entire neglect of hii child, 

 who ieeatd act to ha v been able to read at the age of ten. Hewashow- 

 mt tbea Mat to school, and at the age of fourteen had aehieTed luch 

 MMM U>a be w*e rewarded with a prim at the annual concoun. 

 Tb*^h*iuaber he wa* introduced to the celebrated Boyer.and became 

 Us papO. aad afterward* hi* dcaotMtrator of anatomy. At the age of 

 y. after au elimination by eoaeoun, be wai appointed aide d' 

 I (proaeetor) IB the Faculty of Me<licine, and shortly afterwarda 

 Mntor. In tbie poeition he deroted himaelf enthusiastically 

 to l be atadj of rorgery, but be was induced by Dupuytren to give 

 up UIM branch of the medical art, and devote himaelf to the practice 

 of nx dirine. He wa eubeequently appointed physician to the Hotel 

 Die*. IB 1819 he waa elected a member of the Academy of Sciences ; 

 he waa also a member of the Academy of Medicine, and in 1831 he 

 eueeeeded Profeanr Becamier, who bad resigned on the acceeaion of 

 Louie Philippe to the throne of Frauce, iu the chair of anatomy in the 

 College of France. 



l*tofcaior Magendie WM a Uborioua writer as well aa one of the 

 moat illustrious physiological experimentalists and discoverer*. His 

 larger work* are aa follows : 1, Formulaire pour la Preparation et 

 1111 iliiilnili ............. in Mi Hi ....... li ' ThU work waa published 



in 1SS1, and waa speedily translated into all the languages of Europe. 

 It conlaiaed an account of the action of those potent active principles 

 looad in plauu, which bad at that time been introduced into the 

 practice of medicine, more particularly by the exertions of French 

 chemists aad physician*. It included such remedies as morphine, 

 lunliiilaa. prossie acid, and others, on the operation of which on the 

 I system Magendie had successfully experimented. 2, ' Precis 

 i de/ Physiologic.' This work waa originally published in 

 two volume* at Paris in 1816-17. It went through several editions, 

 aad was afterwards entitled ' KUmena de Physiologic.' It was trans- 



lated late German aad English, and for many yean it was one of the 

 beat manuals of physiology for the use of student*. 3, ' Lecons sur 

 lee ib.;oasnejhyiqae de la Vie.' These were a series of lectures 

 delivered at diflerrnt time-, and collected together by M. J. Jamee, 

 aad publiihed in 1 834-4 2. These were also translated, though occupy- 

 ing four volumes, into Germany. 4, ' Lecpns sur lea Functions et Irs 

 Maladies du syttcme nerveux.' These also were lecture* delivered in 

 the College of France, and were published in two volumes in 1889. 

 6, ' Ixcon* sur le Sang.' These lecture* on the blood were also pub- 

 lished in Paris in 1839. 6, -Recherche* philoaophiquos et cliniques 

 or le liquid* eephalo-rachidien, ou cerebro-spinal,' Paris, 1842. In 

 addition to these larger works, Hagendie has published a large number 

 of paper*, which nil! be found scattered through the 'Comptes 

 Beadn*,' aad contained in the 'Journal de Physiologic experimentale,' 

 a periodical which be started in 1S21, and which he continued to edit 

 for tea Tears. lie waa also a contributor to several of the dictionnaires 



I 



i yran. 

 app. 



d in France during the comn 



at of the present 



pra. 



He wrote for the Diotioonaire de MeMecine et de Chirurgie 

 ilia dea Gens du Monde,' and the ' Diction- 



Although Magcodi* wanted the generalising power which would 

 have placed him at the head of European physiology, he was moit 

 ladasiriou* ia the performance, aad iogenious in devising of physio- 

 lofical experimeata. It was M an experimenter that he produced a 

 laatiof iinpre*sioB on the progress of physiology. In fuel so numerous 

 wers his experiment* at one Ume oa living anim.U, that the authorities 

 ia France thought it neeeseary to interfere. Some of the results of 

 ba ohysiologioa! enquiries are too important to be pawed over in this 



1. 



fint successfully demonstrated what had been only 

 anjiHii by previous physiologist*, that the vein* were organ* of 

 aWor| lln*. Hi* experimenu on this subject have been regarded by 

 DBTstotoaiete aa setting this question at rest, and proving that the 

 vene an the great agent* ia the a 



2. Hi* 



baorptioa of liquids. 

 oa the absorption of poison* led to a 

 of the nature of their action on the 

 that strychnia acts upon the 



destroy* by paralysis the nerve* of inspiration, thus 

 i avpbntia. 



He gave a more accurate account of the act of vomiting, and 

 hewed hew little ft depended on the action of the stomach itaell 



4. He iaveetigated whh great car* the action of hydrocyanic, or 

 1 mall acid oa the buataa iystsui, aad drew attention to iu value a* 

 a raaaedy ia certaia CiraMof eough ariaiog from irritation in too lung*. 

 ft. Ue*jb*4sreUMoae*BiealBatur*of food wa* understood, Manodie 

 aUd oat tWt aoa-aiuvemwu* food* were innutritiou*. Tbisoonolu. 



This oouclti- 



i the result of a loaf aerie* of experiment* on the feeding of the 

 lower ttimal*. 



. He performed a erries of experiments on the admission of air 

 into UN veins, aad showed bow likely thi* wa* to be a cause of death 

 ia operation* about the throat. 



7. Mageadie must share with Sir Charle* Bell the honour of having 

 the real fuBctaan* of the epiual nerves. Walker bad demon- 

 d the exieteaoe of two roots to the spinal nerves. Bell showed 

 the nerve* performed two function', that of sensation and 



volition, and that these were sometimes separate, but the final demon- 

 stration of the two root* of the spinal nerve* being devoted to the 

 two separate function*, seems to have been first clearly establieed by 

 Magendie. 



To these more important discoveries and investigations must be 

 added a large number of experimental researches upon the functions 

 of the brain, it* parts, and nerves. If these did not lead to immediate 

 and decisive results, they have been important fact* by mean* of 

 which other* have been since guiiled to more correct conclusions. 



Magendie waa made a Commander of the Legion of Honour, and 

 few men gained more of the respect and confidence of the government 

 in matters of public health, whilst amongst the medical profession he 

 wss held in the greatest respect on account of his great talent and 

 original genius. He died on the 8th of October 1855. 



MAGLIABE'CCHI, ANTO'MO, bom at Florence in 1633, early 

 showed a great aptitude for philological and historical studies ; be 

 waa an indefatigable reader, and had a prodigious memory. Ho 

 employed his scanty savings in buying books, and gradually collected 

 a vast library, which after his death became the property of the city 

 of Florence, and is open to the public, and known by the name of 

 Magliabecchiona. 



Mugliabecchi, in consequence of his immense erudition, was con- 

 sidered a* an oracle, and was consulted by scholars from every part 

 of Europe. Several prince* showed by compliments and gifts their 

 regard for him. His own sovereigns, the grand-dukes Medici, appointed 

 him their librarian. Mogliabecchi left no work of his own. Some of 

 his letters have been published in various collections : ' Lettere di 

 Uomini Illustri,' Macerata, 1782 ; ' Lettere di Uomini Dotti,' Venezia, 

 1807; 'Prose Florentine,' &c. Unfortunately Magliabccchi was very 

 vain, irritable, and abusive, and his temper involved him in personal 



?uarrels with several of his contemporaries. He died at Florence in 

 714, at the age of eighty-one. 



MAGNE'NTIUS, commander of tbe Roman army iu Gaul, revolted 

 against Constaus, son of Constantino the Great, and emperor of the 

 West, and caused him to bo killed near the Pyrenees, A.D. 350. Con- 

 stautius, the brother of Coustaus, and emperor of tbe Knst, marched 

 against Magnentius, and a battle was fought between them on the 

 banks of the Drove in 351. Msgncutius, being defeated, fled to Italy, 

 from whence he escaped into Gaul, where Coustantius followed him 

 and defeated him again in 358. Magneutius, finding himself forsaken 

 by his troops, killed himself ; and his brother Deceutius, whom be had 

 made Caesar, followed hi* example. Constautius thus became sole 

 master of the whole empire. 



British Museum. Aetna! Bite. Coffer. 



MAGNUS, ALBERTUS. [ALBKRTUS MAONCS.] 



MAHMUU L, son of Mustapha II., was raised to the throne of the 

 Ottoman* after the deposition of hi* uncle Ahmed HI. in 1730. Ho 

 continued the war begun under hi* predecessor against Nadir Shah of 

 Persia, but with no success, and made peace in 1736. A war with 

 Kusaia followed, in which the Russian* took Ockxokow and Kilburn in 

 1737, and, the Austrian* having joined them, invaded Wsllachia. The 

 Austrian forces being defeated at Krotska on the Danube, the court of 

 Vienna submitted to a disadvantageous peace in 1739, by which it 

 gave up not only its recent conquest*, but also tbe important town of 

 Belgrade, the conquest of a former war. Peace was soon after made 

 between Turkey and Russia, and the latter power restored Ockzakow. 

 A new war broke out with Persia in 1747, and terminated by a treaty 

 unfavourable to the Ottomans. Mahmud took little part in all these 

 transactions, but left all tbe cares of btate to big ministers and favourite*. 

 He died in iJecembcr 1764, being then fifty-eight years of age. 



MAHMUD II., Sultan of Turkey, the younger son of Sultan Abdu-1- 

 Hamid, or Ahmed IV., was born on the 14th of Ramazdn A.H. 1199 

 (tbe 20th of July, A.D. 1785), and succeeded his elder brother, Sultan 

 Mustafa IV., on thi 28th of July 1808. Sultan Selim, the uncle of 

 Mahmud, we* deposed and imprisoned in 1807 on account of his civil 

 and military reforms, and Mustafa had no sooner succeeded him than he 

 abolished tbe new institutions of Selim, especially the Nizam Jedld, 

 or the body of troop* who were disciplined on European principles. 

 Mustafa Bairaktar, pasha of Rusjuk, an oil friend of the deposed Selim, 

 strongly objected to the policy of Sultan Mustafa, and no notice being 

 taken of hi* remonstrances, put himself at the head of his treops, 

 marched upon Constantinople, occupied the town, end proclaimed 

 Selim sultan. But while Seliin'a name was shouted by the victors in 

 the street* of Constantinople, he bad ceased to live ; he was assaiuiuated 

 by order of Mustafa, who thought that by removing the object of tbe 

 revolution, he could also crush it. lie was mistaken. Mustafa 



