MAHMUD II. 



MAHOMET L 



tkelkrooe 



through UM capital, summoning 

 mud UM holy standard, and to 

 mob of impious r>-'- 



to tke 



the (eraflio, and marched off 

 r to piece* the deUohmraU 



of Burr" Ahmed, outline; to pieces 



111 iTusrr rfr r 1 "- -" "- -* *- -"-; *- "' -- 1 



At UMht of the holy 



of isolating the grand vulr. 



the Jankaanes concentrated their forces in the square, round 

 Ike tvMrHsT. and threw ui> entrenchments. Husein Paaha, Ibrahim 

 sod MsneaMad Pasba. who summoned them by order of the 

 to lay down tkeir arms, were received with a terrible yell and 

 Ilininil ismsslsilliill " They were strong enough, they said, 

 leimseliss UU tke evening, and the coming night would 

 Ma* destruction over tke n former*. Two thousand house* in flame* 

 wenU tkrow Ugkt upon tkeir path !" The mufti now reed with a 

 lesjd voice the first chapter of tke Koran, tke ' Al-Fatihat,' the ihortest 

 r of tke Koran, a prayer which k held in a* much veneration by 

 is s the LorJsI^yer by Ue Christians, and is conn- 

 UM quintessence of the whole Korin. While the 

 m*fti wee reading tkk prayer every man was prostrate on tke ground, 

 and at the close of the praver the signal of attack waa given. The 

 i* were soon kvelled by tke ordnance, and the Janissaries 

 i tkeir fortified barrack, whence they kept up a murderous 

 assailants. But their resistance only delayed their fate 

 for n lew hours ; the massive walk crumbled under the fin of a heavy 

 smi wtB-dimtod artillery; fneoes were thrown upon the roof; and 

 Ik* whole building was soon in a blase. Thousand* of the rebels were 

 srat sjniisc UM (ailing reins; other* who tried to escape were received 

 ilk gnpeshot; and only two hundred rocoeeded in reaching the 

 , where they were massenrsd and their bodies thrown round 



jastie pl 



which ke amid to have caat iU abadow over the 



of tke hippodrome tot more than two thousand years. Six 



Jui^^ari^ mi'-*- ' 1- ' ~ 



ey during ft* eenturiee 

 dta, the TUBT of Sultan U 



I in the COOTS* of on* day ; several hundred* 

 who had nut taken part in tke notion, but were known a* rebels, wen 

 ~ in tke suects or in their house*, and 15,000, who bad kept 

 rd to difierent place* in Asia Minor. On the following 

 tke loth of June, a batti aberif pronounced the abolition of the 

 corporation ef tke Janisoarks, after it had been the bulwark 

 from the time of it* foundation by 

 I'rkhan. Thu* Mahmud crushed hi* 

 at home, only four yean after he had been 

 , to meriflos to UM fury of the Janiaaarie* hk favourite* 

 Barber Bnski. Ike mufti, and hk favourite wife. 



Although Mahmud waa snfloknUy provoked by the Emperor 



s^s\^|^ ^* l^f^ --- "-* - - --* - -" 







him, his declaration of war in 1828 

 thought that his army, being now organised 



I behave a* well a* European armie*; 



ke ke ws* greaUy mistaken, and paid dearly for learning that it k 

 eaekr to create a name than a thing. We shall not dwell upon the 

 t ef tke n.iiiiii campaign. After an Indifferent *trogg!e in 



T^H *y "" 



Dtebitach and Paakiewios, made 

 > fat 18, in Europe a. well a. in A*ia; and after 

 obtained by Diobitook over tke Grand Vixlr Jusuf Pasha 

 . in tke eastern Balkan, and the capture of En-Rum by 

 IWkwies, CotMUnUnople would have been lost, and the Turkish 

 ' i wontd nave falUn a prey to the Russians, but for the inter 

 i of UM groat European powers, beaded by England, through 

 i msdklioe) the war was concluded by tke peaoe of Adriano^le, 

 on tke 14tk ef September ISM. Thk was the rnoet disastrous war 

 Ikntwa* ever awUrtaken by the Turk*, although their loss of territory 

 a. oMperaiivor/ trifling, and far lee* thsn the loss of Hungary and 

 Bsrvia afWr the psnom of Karlowicx and Passarowicx with Austria, 

 I'* direst lose wee only a small tract on the Caucasian frontier. 



BntOreeoe waa new dennitiv Jy aeparaud from Turkey; the uaerainty 

 of Ike Snhan over Moldavk and WaUaohk wa* reduced to a ehadow, 



^^. ? < !^SJ^ tor ,* e<lIlll * d ^ w if n *y two 



- 



which was formerly yniiinil by the' sultan* ; Servia 

 pad a* *n independent state, though tributary to Turkey ; 

 1 a free navisjation from Ike BlaokSea to tke Mediterra- 



- 



for the pride of Ike Sultan was that be obtained 

 millsll an of the European powers. 



it to tke peaee of Adrknopla Mahmud, 

 - *Hive In creating a new army and 

 -De*. He wanted both men 

 of Mehmed 'Ah, whom he 



Mneel. to d*ne*. Ike ScJun was attribt.ted"to Se^totrignes*^ 

 K***0*m***ml1li***t**+itmM!!3fc 



navy, and as improving kk 



of July Ibrahim defeated the Turk* at Hems ; and on the 21rt of 

 Dtoambor he obtained the splendid victory of Koniah, in conaequence 

 of which tho Turkiih army wa* diabinded, and the Egyptian* advanced 

 upon Constantinople. The mediation of the European power* effected 

 a truce, but in apite of it Ibrduim pushed on and occupied Broaa. 

 The ruin of the Sultan aeemed to be inevitable. Ue wa* aaved by hi* 

 treatent enemy : a Kuuun fleet appeared off the Boporui, and oppodte 

 Cunitantinople landed a strong body of Kunian*, commanded by 

 Oeneral Lazarcf, wboee arrival (topped the progreaa of Ibr.Sliim. On 

 the 4th of May peaoe wa* concluded at Koniah, and Mehmed 'Ali 

 obtained the object of hi* armament, the investiture of Syria and 

 Adana, but he remained a tributary raatal of the Porte. So much 

 waa Turkey weakened through this war, that Mahmud, detpairing of 

 further independence, threw him*elf into the arm* of Uuuia ; and on 

 tho 8th of July signed the treaty of Unltiar Skelesi, by which Rusaia 

 bound herself to a*ai*t Turkey with an army whenever ahe should 

 want it, in acknowledgment of which Mahmud prouiioed that no armed 

 hip of foreign nation* ihould be allowed to pas* the Dardanelles 

 without the penniaiion of Huasia. Mahmud wa* more fortunate in 

 an expedition against Tripoli, which was brought back under the 

 Sultan'* immediate authority, and at Tunis also he succeeded in 

 obtaining obedience to lii* orders. 



Mahmud' s hatred of Mehmed 'Ali became now the principal motive 

 of hk actions. As early as 1834 things were *o bad that Mahmud 

 not only resolved upon a fresh war, but put himself at the head of his 

 troops in order to conduct it in person ; but in crossing the Bosporus 

 he dropped the sacred sword of Soliinan II., which fell into the sea 

 and was lost for ever, and this bad omen induced him to give up his 

 plan and to return to Constantinople. War was prevented by the 

 mediation of Knglaml, France, and Russia ; but the Sultan nevertheless 

 continued preparing for a contest which he wished, and which could 

 be postponed, but not prevented. The care which he bestowed upon 

 hi* military preparations was surprising, but the result was far from 

 answering his expectations. The second war with Mehmed 'Ali would 

 perhaps not have broken out so soon (1840), but for the pasha's 

 manifest design to subject all Arabia to his authority ; and it U said 

 that tho Sultan was urged by Russia, and especially by Great Britain, 

 to open the campaign in that year, although he knew that his'army 

 was not yet able to take the field with any chance of success. On the 

 25th of June the Turkish army under 1 lafiz Pasha wa* entirely defeated 

 by Ibrahim Pasha, near Nisibis; and there being no other army to 

 oppoee his victorious career, it was ovident that Turkey would be 

 loat if the European powers did not interfere. Mahmud was fortu- 

 nately not destined to hear of the disgrace of his arms. He died on 

 the 1st of July 1840, a few days before the new of the battle- of 

 Nisibi* threw the seraglio and the capital into consternation. Mahmud 

 wa* succeeded by his eldest son, Abdu-1-Mejid. [ABDO-L-MKJID.] 



MAHMUD, Soboktogin of Ohisni, the founder of the Qasnevide 

 dynasty, succeeded to the sovereignty of Khorasan and Bokhara 

 (A.D. 097), which his father Emir-Maaireddin Soboktegin had occupied 

 under the kalifs Kl-Tliai-Hillah and Kader-Uillah. After having 

 assumed the title of sultan, which was readily granted to him by the 

 kalif, Mabmud subdued the circumjacent provinces of East Persia, 

 made Qhiani hk capital, and totally shook off the yoke of his legiti- 

 mate sovereign. Bound, as he asserted, by the most solemn vow to 

 adhere to the precept of the Koran, which enjoin* the propagation of 

 the Islam and war agauut the unbelievers as a matter of faith, he 

 directed his arm* against the quiet and peaceful Hindoos, and first 

 attacked Jeipal, the neighbouring king of Lahore, in 1001. This 

 expedition having proved lucoeseful, Mahmud invaded Hindustan 

 almost every year, and in no less than fourteen subsequent incursions, 

 made in various directions and as far as the careleMneas and the 

 feeble rosktanoe of the Hindoo rajahs would permit him to proceed, 

 he devastated the provinces, ravaged and plundered the cities, 

 destroyed the places of religious worship, and murdered the inhabit- 

 ant*, always returning with an immense booty. In the year 101 (i the 

 far-fauied city of Kanoge was destroyed; and shortly after the 

 ancient and magnificent Matnura, whose palaces and temples of 

 marble and alabaster filled even their savage conqueror with respect 

 and religions awe. The remotest expedition of Sultan Mahmud was 

 directed against the celebrated temple of Somnat (Somanatha) in 

 Ousent (1025). After having once more attempted a predatory 

 excursion into Hooltan, he died at Uhisni, 1030. All that can be said 

 in praise of Sultan Mahmud is, that men of learning were attracted 

 by tho fame of Qhimi, which he adorned with the most splendid 

 Imil lings, and by the lustre and magnificence of bis court; and the 

 new epoch of Persian poetry, of which the Shah-Nameh U th< 

 eminent and imperishable monument, wa* encouraged by the 

 sovereign. But as the satirical poems of Kcrduii testify, even his 

 liberality and favour* were in a great degree dependent on his 

 capricious temper, and were often bestowed in a very niggardly 

 manner. About three mile* from the modern city of Quisui, flio 

 tomb of Mahmud is still preserved, and in remembrance of his 

 having been a zealous defender of the faith, Mohammedan priests are 

 maintained, who constantly read the Kondi over his grave. 



MAHOMKT I., son of Bnyazid L, was sandjak, or governor of the 

 town and district of Amasia when his father was defeated and taken 

 priaoner by Timur at the battle of Aucyra (July 1401). The invader 



