MANDEVILLB, BERNARD DK. 



IUHBTHO. 







a* UM discharge. At length, after repeated trials, itout strips 

 of rmw bide closely plaiUd. were found to answer, and on the 12th of 

 February I SOS. when UM crew of UM brig Elisabeth were in imminent 

 t-rg-. abowl MM hundred and fifty yards from the beach, having 

 Mbed thieinlvM to UM rigging with the MA breaking over them, and 

 t whet would bar* been a hopeless poaiiion, Captain Manby threw a 

 r UM tiiiil. a boat was hauled off by it, and the crew of seven 

 brought to land. la the same severe winter Captain Maubv 

 I the crews of several viessh by aimilar means. In 1810 hia ser- 

 vieas were brought before UM Houae of Commons. A committee was 

 UMS> sppoinud Ml UM subject of saving of life in shipwreck. The merits 

 ol previous inventions for UM tame object were brought before that 

 tra-*** . especially by the friends of Lieutenant Bell of the Royal 

 ArUlUry. wbo in 1 793 bad communicated to the Society of Arts a plan 

 for throwing a rope from a mortar from the vessel itself, and to whom 

 M guineas had ban awarded after some experiments at Woolwich. 

 That plan however would hare been obviously very difficult of appli- 

 t ia UM oat* of a Teasel in a raging sea. Captain Manby having 

 reported of with high approval by the Committee, received a 

 'try recompense from the Exchequer, and was employed to 



(upon UM cancerous parts of the coast from Yarmouth to the 

 of Forth. Ha advised that mortars, constructed on his prin- 

 abould be stationed at various points; in 1S14 the House of 

 A the Prince Kegent on the subject ; and within two 



SET, 



rfc 



years afterwards fifty-nine stations were provided with the requisite 

 apparatus. The attention which was thus given to the subject of the 

 of life in fates of shipwreck, was further expressed 

 positions which were formed throughout the country 

 by Captain Manby's exertions. He also contrived means of 

 obtaining a sight of a vassil on a dark night, by the use of a descrip- 

 tion of firework throwing stars to bum at a certain height ; and he 

 ttggeeted the UM of shells, filled with a burning composition, to allow 

 the crew to discover the flight of the rope. He also devised an im- 

 provement in the manufacture of rope* to prevent mildew and rot, 

 meneing vegetable mucilage, and using a solution with sugar of lead 

 end alum in equal parts; and he suggested various improvements in 

 luVboata. Late in life he visited the Northern seas, chiefly in order to 

 test the efficacy of a new form of harpoon which he hod invented. 

 For bis various inventions, which were the means of saving upwards 

 of a thousand lives, be received at various times 70001. from tho 

 British nation, and the thanks of the chief sovereigns of Europe. 



MANDKVILLK, BERNARD DE, was bom at Don, in Holland, 



somewhere about the year 1670. He was brought up to the profession 

 of medicine, and completed his studies and took the degree of Doctor 

 of Medicine in Holland. He afterwards came over to England to 

 piaotiss hie profession in London. He does not appear to have had 

 mneh lumm as a physician ; but his writings assisted him in procu- 

 ring UM means of subsistence, while they also gained for him consider- 

 able notoriety. His first work was ' The Virgin Unmasked, or Female 

 Dialogues betwixt M elderly maiden Lady and her Niece on several 

 ""ourMi on Lore, Marriage, Memoirs, and Morals,' 4o^ and 

 I in 1709. This is a work on a coarse subject, written iu 

 stile. In 1714 Mandeville published a abort poem, called 

 The Grumbling Hive, or Knaves turned Honest,' to which he after- 

 wards added long explanatory notes, and then published the whole 

 wader the new title of ' The Fable of the Bees.' This work, which is 

 Of an aHogslbsr superior character to the 'Virgin Unmasked,' and 

 which, however erroneous may be its views of morals and of society, 

 is written in a proper style, and bears all the marks of an honnt and 



ataMre Inquiry on an important subject, exposed its author to much 

 obloquy, and, besides meeting with many answers and attacks, was 

 as injurious to morality in a presentment of the Middlesex 

 , in July 1723. It would appear that some of the hostility 



gran-ury, n uy 172. t woud appear that some of the hostility 

 pit* Uua work, and again.! MandevilUgeiMrally, is to bo traced to 

 mhaT publication, recommending UM public licensing of stews, the 

 attar and manner of which are certainly exceptionable, though it 

 ** UM sam* time b. stated that Mandeville earnntly and with 

 ""taf ssnoerity recommends his plan as a meana of diminishing 

 Morality, and that be endeavoured, so far as lay in his power, by 

 Axing a high pries and in other ways, to prevent the work from 

 storing a general circulation. Mandeville wrote also at this time in a 

 paper ailed UM London Journal,' which shared with the ' Fable of the 

 Beet' UM ososure of UM Middlesex grand-jury. He subsequently 

 bbsbed a seeond part of UM < Fable of the Bees/ and several otbeV 

 ng whkn are two, entitled Free Thoughts ou Religion, 

 , and National Happiness/ snd 'An Enquiry into the Origin 

 * **, Utrfull >~ < ChrieUanitv in War.' We are told 

 by Mr John Hawkins, in his Life of Dr. Johnson,' that Mandeville 

 was partly supported by a pension from some Dutch merchants, and 

 tnetne was much patronised by the first Karl of MaocUsfield, at whose 

 le wae a frequent guest. He died on the 21st of January 1733, 



.i"**?* jt is altogether worthless/ It is'MaDdevillesTbj'ect'to show 

 MB* BBtsanel greataasj depends OB the prevalence of fraud and luxury; 



and for this purpose he supposes a "vast hive of bees," possessing in 

 all respects institutions similar to those of men ; he details the various 

 frauds, similar to those among men, practised by bees one upon another 

 in various professions ; be shows how the wealth accumulated by means 

 of these frauds is turned, through luxurious habits, to the good of 

 others, who again practise their frauds upon the wealthy ; and, having 

 already assumed that wealth cannot be gotten without fraud and cannot 

 exist without luxury, he assumes further that wealth U the only cause 

 and criterion of national greatness. His hive of bees having thus 

 become wealthy and great, he afterwords supposes a mutual jealousy 

 of frauds to arise, and fraud to be by common consent dismissed ; and 

 he again assumes that wealth and luxury immediately disappear, and 

 that the greatness of the society U gone. It is needless to point out 

 inconsistencies and errors, such for instance as the absence of all dis- 

 tinction between luxury and vice, when the whole theory rests upon 

 obviously false assumption ; and the long dissertations appended to the 

 fable, however amusing and full of valuable remarks, contain no 

 attempts to establish by proof the fundamental points of the theory. 



In an ' Enquiry into the Origin of Moral Distinctions,' contained in 

 the ' Fable of the Bees,' Mandeville contends that virtue and vice, and 

 the feelings of moral approbation and disapprobation, have been 

 created in men by their several governments, for the purpose of main- 

 taining society and preserving their own power. Incredible as it 

 seems that such a proposition as this should be seriously put foitli, 

 it is yet more so that it should come from one whose professed object 

 was, however strange the way in which he set about it, to promote good 

 morals; for there U nothing in Mandeville's writings to warrant the 

 belief that he sought to encourage vice. 



MANDEVILLK, SIR JOHN DE, waa born at St. Albans, about 

 the year 1300. Ho was descended from a family of distinction, and 

 appears to have received a better education than waa usual in those 

 times. He studied mathematics, theology, and medicine, and for some 

 years pursued the last as a profession. In 1327 he left England, passed 

 through France, aud proceeded to Palestine, where he joined the army 

 of the infidels. He afterwards served in Egypt under the Sultan, and 

 in Southern China under the khan of Cathay. He resided for three 

 years at the city of Peking, then called Cambalu, and appears to have 

 travelled over a large part of Asia. After an absence of about thirty- 

 three years, he returned to England, and wrote a narrative of his 

 travels, which he dedicated to Edward III. He died on the 17th of 

 November 1372, at Liege, where he WAS buried. 



His work contained details more ample and minute than any whioh 

 had previously appeared concerning Palestine, Egypt, and parts of India 

 and China, and must for some centuries have been an extremely interest- 

 ing work. To render it more amusing, he seems to have borrowed 

 unscrupulously from previous writers ; lie inserted parts of Buch chro- 

 nicles as were then in existence, and introduced romantic tales of 

 knight-errantry, miraculous legends, monsters, giants, and devils. 

 Probably some of the most absurd ports of the work have been added 

 or improved upon by the contemporary copyists. 



His reputation as a traveller was very high in his own age. Besides 

 a Latin version of hia work, translations of it appeared in all the 

 principal languages of Europe in Italian, French, Spanish, and Ger- 

 man. A manuscript of Sir John Maudeville's travels, which belongs 

 to the age of the author, is in the Cottonian Collection in the I'.i.ii-li 

 Museum (Titus, C. xvl). The first English edition was printed by 

 Winkyn do Worde, at Westminster, 8vo., 1499 :' A lytell Treatise or 

 Booke, named John Maodevyll, Knyht, born in Euglande, in the towne 

 of Saynt Abone, and gpeakethof the wayes of the Holy Lande towards 

 Jherusalem, and of Marvyles of Ynde and other dyverse Countries.' 

 The best English edition is perhaps that of London, 1725, 8vn, but 

 there are two or three more recent editions : ' The Yoiage and Travailu 

 of Sir John Mandeville,' &c. Perhaps tho first printed edition wns 

 that of Pietro de Cornero, 4to, Milan, 1480: 'Tractate delle piu 

 maravigliose Cosse e piu notabili che si trovano iu le parte del mondo 

 vedute . . del Covaler Johanne da Mandavilla.' 



MANE'THO, a celebrated Egyptian writer, a native of DiospolU, 

 who U said to have lived in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphun at 

 Mende, or Hcliopolis, and to have been a man of great learning and 

 wisdom. (.Elian, 'De Animal.,' x. 16.) He belonged to the priest 

 caste, and was himself a priest, and interpreter or recorder of religious 

 usages, and of the religious and probably also historical writings. It 

 appears probable however that there were more than one individual 

 of this name, and it is therefore doubtful whether all the works which 

 were attributed by ancient writers to Manetho were in reality written 

 by the Manetho who lived in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphia. 



The only work of Manetho which has come down to us complete U 

 a poem in six books, in hexameter verse, on the influence of the star* 

 (aroT<Ar/iaTuc&), which was first published by Grouovius, Leyden, 

 1698, and has also been edited by Axtius and Rigler, Cologne, 15312. 

 It is probable however, for many reasons, as Hcyne has shown in his 

 ' Opuscula Academics ' (vol. i., p. 95), that parts at least of this poem 

 could not have been written till a much later date. We also porraa 

 considerable fragments of a work of Manetho on tho history of the 

 ancient kings of Egypt, which there is every reason for supposing was 

 written by the Manetho who lived under Ptolemy Pbiladelpuus. It 

 wss in three books, or parts, and comprised the period from the earliest 

 times to the death of the hut Persian Darius. Considerable fragments 



