81 



MANFREDI. 



MANX. 



are preserved in the treatise of Josephus against Apionj and sti 

 greater portions in the 'Chronicles' of George Syncellus, a monk of th 

 9th century. The ' Chronicles ' of Syncellus were principally compile< 

 from the 'Chronicles' of Julius Africanus and Eusebius, bishop o 

 Cscsarea, both of whom made great use of Manetho's ' History.' Th 

 work of Africanus is lost, and we only possess a Latin version of tha 

 of Eusebius, which was translated out of the Armenian version of th 

 Greek text preserved at Constantinople. Manetho derived his bistor; 

 of the kings of Egypt, whom he divides into thirty classes, calle 

 dynasties, from the sacred records in the temple at Heliopolis. 



In addition to these works, Mauetho is also said to have written 

 1, 'Ifpii BijSAot, on the Egyptian religion ; 2, Tlepl apxcu<rpov nal eutrffit 

 on the ancient rites and ceremonies of the Egyptians; 3, tpvtnxiai' ctrn 

 (Laert., ' Prorern.,' s. 10), probably the same work as that called by 

 Suidaa <t>v<Tto\oyitca ; 4, BfjSAoj TTJS Screws, both the subject and genuine 

 ness of which are very doubtful 



It is no easy matter to ascertain the real value of Manetho's ' History 

 in the form in which it has come down to us. The reader may judge 

 of the use that baa been made of it for Egyptian chronology by refer 

 ring to Rask's ' Alte Aegyptische Zeitrechnung ' (Altona, 1830), to the 

 works of Champollion, Wilkinson, and the other authorities which will 

 be indicated by a reference to these works. 



(Fabricii, ibliotheca Grceca, ed. Harles, vol. iv., pp. 128-139; the 

 Preface of Axtius and Kigler; Bunsen, jEgyptem Stellc in der 

 WatgacMcUe, v. i. ; and Egyptian Antii/uities, in the 'Library of 

 Entertaining Knowledge,' vol. i., pp. 26, 27.) 



MAN'KHK'DI, natural sou of the Emperor Frederic II. and of a 

 Lombard lady, was appointed by bis father, at his death in 1250, 

 regent of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, until the arrival of his 

 brother Conrad, the legitimate son and heir of Frederic. Pope 

 Innocent IV. excommunicated Manfred, and declared that the dynasty 

 of Suabia had forfeited the crown of Sicily in consequence of Frederic 

 having revolted against the see of Rome, whose feudatory he was. 

 Upon this, moat of the towns of Apulia revolted against the authority 

 of Manfred. Conrad however came with an army from Germany, and 

 soou reduced the rebels ; but he died in the midst of his successes, in 

 1254, leaving an only son in Germany, Corradino, then a child two 

 years old. Manfred became again regeut of the kingdom in the name 

 of his nephew, and as such had to carry on the war against the pope 

 and his own revolted subjects, among whom the powerful baronial 

 house of San Severino stood foremost. The city of Naples opened its 

 gates to the pope and swore allegiance to him, but Manfred found 

 refuge among his father's faithful Saracens at Lucera. Upon the death 

 of Innocent, which took place soon after, Manfred recovered possession 

 of Naples, and cleared the kingdom of the invaders. 



A report being spread that Corradino had died in Germany, the 

 barons, prelates, and towns of the kingdom invited Manfred to ascend 

 the throne, and he was crowned at Palermo in 1258. On his return 

 to Apulia he found messengers from Margaret, Corradino's mother, 

 who informed him that his nephew was still alive, and they claimed 

 his inheritance in his name. Manfred refused to resign the crown, 

 but declared in the presence of the envoys that, as he had no male 

 issue, the crown should at his death devolve on his nephew or his 

 nephew's heirs. No one presumed to gainsay Manfred's words : he 

 was brave, high spirited, and handsome, and the idol of the people. 

 He had just delivered the country from the invaders, and his illegiti- 

 mate birth wag no longer remembered. Margaret herself tacitly assented 

 to his retaining the crown upon such conditions : her son wag but a 

 boy, and had a fair prospect of succeeding his uncle in due time. To 

 crown Manfred's good fortune, Pope Alexander IV. made peace-with 

 liiui. Manfred was now looked upon as the hereditary protector of 

 the < ihibrlines of North Italy, and be sent troops to the assistance of 

 those of Tuscany, who defeated the Guelphs at Monteaperto, and 

 occupied Florence. In 1261 Alexander IV. died, and was succeeded 

 by Urban IV., an inveterate enemy of the Ghibelines and of the House 

 of Sunbia. The new pope began by excommunicating Manfred, treating 

 him as a usurper, and offering the crown of Sicily for sale among the 

 princes of Europe. He otl'ered it to Richard, earl of Cornwall, brother 

 to Henry III. of England, who laughed at the proposal, and said " it 

 was like making him a present of the moon." Urban then offered the 

 crown of Sicily to Henry himself for his second son Edmund, but the 

 English king had neither troops nor money to enforce such a claim. 

 At la.it the pope addressed himself to Charles, count of Anjou, brother 

 of Louis IX. of France, who accepted the offer in 1264 : the conditions 

 were, ( that he should receive the crown of Sicily as a fief of the see of 

 Rome, pay a yearly fee of a thousand ounces of gold and a white horse, 

 surrender to the pope the right of nominating to all the sees of the 

 kingdom, and grant an appeal to Rome on all ecclesiastical affairs. 

 After concluding this bargain Urban died, but his successor Clement IV. 

 followed up bis policy. Charles, having collected an army of his Pro- 

 vencal vassals and of French adventurers, came to Rome, where he 

 was solemnly crowned by Clement in 1265. lu January 1266 he 

 marched from Rome, and entered the dominions of Manfred, who met 

 him miller the wiJN of Benevmto. A desperate battle took place in 

 th month of February. Manfred's faithful Saracens fought bravely, 

 Ing unsupported by theApulian troops, who refused to advance, 

 they were thrown into disorder ; and Manfred, seeing himself betrayed, 

 purred hU horse into the thickest of the enemy's ranks, and fell under 

 Clou. fciv. vol.. iv. 



a heap of the slain. His body was buried by Charles's soldiers, without 

 any honours, under a heap of stones on the banks of the river Galore ; 

 but the papal legate ordered it to be disinterred, because, being excom- 

 municated, it could not remain within ground belonging to the holy 

 see. The body was dragged as far as the frontiers of Abruzzo, where it 

 was allowed to rest on the banks of the river Verde, an affluent of the 

 Tronto, near Ascoli. Dante, in pathetic and at the same time indignant 

 strains, alludes to this disgraceful act of fanaticism (' Purgatorio,' 

 canto iii.). 



Manfred was fond of letters, was himself a poet, and is praised by 

 the Neapolitan chroniclers for his great and noble qualities. The 

 Guelph writers, on the contrary, have accused him of horrid crimes ; 

 among others, of poisoning and incest. This tradition has preserved 

 the remembrance of him as a dark and mysterious character. Manfred 

 was the founder of the town of Manfredonia. 



* MANGLES, CAPTAIN JAMES, R.N., entered the navy as a first 

 class volunteer in March 1800, on board the Maidstone frigate, in 

 which he served off the coasts of France and Portugal, and made a 

 voyage to Quebec. In November 1801 he passed to the Narcissus, 32 

 guns, as midshipman, and after cruising in the North Sea and also the 

 Mediterranean, accompanied the expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. 

 After the reduction of the Cape in 1806 and the capture of the French 

 frigate Volontaire, 46 guns, he was invested with the rank of acting / 

 lieutenant. In September 1806 he passed to the Penelope, 36 guns, 

 and in 1811-13 to the Boyd, 98 guus, and the Ville de Paris, 110 guns, 

 flag ships iu the Channel Fleet of Sir Harry Burrard Neale, under 

 whom he latterly discharged the duties of signal-lieutenant. In Sep- 

 tember 1814 he was appointed to the Duncan, 74 guns, as first- 

 lieutenant, and in January 1815 to the acting command of the Racoon 

 sloop-of-war. He was confirmed in his present rank of commander in 

 January 1815. He has net since been iu active service, and retired on 

 half-pay in 1832. 



In August 1816 Captain Mangles, in company with Captain the 

 Hon. C. L. Irby, left England with the intention of making a tour on 

 the Continent. They were led to extend their travels through several 

 parts of the Levant, which had then been little visited by modern 

 travellers. In May 1817 they joined company at Philas with Mr. 

 Beechey and Mr. Belzoni, and proceeded with them up the Nile. 

 They joined with Belzoni in clearing away the sand from the entrance 

 ;o the great temple of Abousambul, a laborious task, which occupied 

 twenty days. Having returned to Cairo, they started in October 1817 

 'or Syria, and in May 1818 commenced their journey to Petra and 

 the Dead Sea. They returned to England at the end of 1820. Soon 

 afterwards they were induced, as a convenient mode of satisfying the 

 nquiries of numerous friends, to make a selection from the letters 

 which they had addressed during their absence to their relatives in 

 England. They printed a limited edition for private circulation only. 

 The book became well-known as the ' Travels of Irby and Mangles, 1 

 and copies of it being much in request, they made a gift of the copy- 

 right to Mr. Murray, the publisher, who printed it iu the popular series 

 of the 'Colonial and Home Library,' with the title of 'Travels in Egypt 

 and Nubia, Syria, and the Holy Land, including a Journey round the 

 3ead Sea and through the Country east of the Jordan, by the Hon. 

 Jharles Leonard Irby and James Mangles, Commanders in the Royal 

 favy,' 16mo, London, 1844. The book is written in the form of a 

 ourual, simply and unostentatiously, but is very interesting and trust- 

 worthy, though it has been in some degree superseded by the investi- 

 gations of more recent travellers. 



MANI, as he is called by the Persians and Arabians, or MANES, 



>r MANICH^-EUS, according to the Greek and Roman writers, from 



whom the heretical Christian sect of the MANICII<EAKS derived their 



name. The particulars of the life and death of this individual are 



variously reported by the Greek and oriental writers, but it appears 



rom all accounts that he was a native of Persia, or at least brought 



up in that country ; that he was well acquainted with the doctrines 



jf the Magi ; that he attempted to amalgamate the Persian religion 



rith Christianity ; and that, after meeting with considerable success, 



,e was eventually put to death by Varanes I., king of Persia (A.D. 271- 



274). It is difficult to determine the exact time at which the doc- 



rinea of Mani were first promulgated in the Roman empire, but they 



lo not appear to have been known before the end of the 3rd century 



the beginning of the 4th. 



The Mauichseans believed, like the Magi, in two eternal principles, 

 rom which all things proceed, namely, light and darkness, which are 

 espectively subject to the dominion of two beings, one the god of 

 ood and tha other the god of evil. They also believed that the first 

 arents of the human race were created by the god of darkness with 

 orrupt and mortal bodies, but that their souls formed part of that 

 ternal light which was subject to the god of light. They maintained 

 bat it was ths great object of the government of the god of light to 

 eliver the captive souls of men from their corporeal prisons ; and 

 tiat with this view he created two sublime beings, Christ and the 

 Holy Uhoat ; and sent Christ into the world, clothed with the 

 badowy form of a human body, and not with the real substance, to 

 each mortals how to deliver the rational soul from the corrupt body, 

 nd to overcome the power of malignant matter. Referring to tho 

 roruise of Christ shortly before his crucifixion, which is recorded by 

 hn (xvi. 7-15), that he would een<l to his disciples the Comforter, 



a 



